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دوگانگی میان ملیگرایی و جهانوطنگرایی در مارکسیسم و اتحاد شوروی | ||
مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی | ||
مقاله 12، دوره 16، شماره 1، شهریور 1402، صفحه 271-294 اصل مقاله (712.16 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jcep.2023.352019.450115 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
حبیبالله فاضلی* 1؛ علی کریمی2 | ||
1استادیار، گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
2دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد علوم سیاسی، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
چکیده | ||
ملت، ملیگرایی و جهانوطنگرایی، بارها مورد توجه پدران مارکسیسم و نخستین رهبران اتحاد شوروی قرار گرفتهاند. رویکرد آنها به این مفاهیم، همواره یکسان نبوده است و دوگانگی و تناقضی آشکار، در اندیشه و عملشان دیده میشود. این دوگانگی در سراسر دوران حکومت شوروی و در همۀ جمهوریهای آن از جمله جمهوریهای آسیای مرکزی، بارها و به شکلهای گوناگون نمود داشته است. این پرسش مطرح است که پدران مارکسیسم و نخستین رهبران شوروی، چه نگرشی نسبت به ملت، ملیگرایی و جهانوطنگرایی داشتهاند و دلیل دوگانگی و تناقض نظری و عملی آنها به این مفاهیم چه بوده است؟ در پاسخ، این فرضیه طرح میشود که دلیل وجود دوگانگی و تناقض در نگرش بانیان مارکسیسم و نخستین رهبران شوروی نسبت به ملت، ملیگرایی و جهانوطنگرایی، کاربرد ابزاریِ ملت و ملیگرایی برای دستیابی به هدفهای ایدئولوژیک، مانند جهانوطنگرایی بوده است. رویکرد پژوهشی این نوشتار، کیفی و مبتنی بر روش کنشِ گفتاری کوئنتین اسکینر است و دادههای آن از اسناد و منابع کتابخانهای گردآوری شدهاند. یافتۀ این نوشتار این است که هدف اصلی اندیشمندانِ مارکسی متقدم، تحقق آرمانهای مارکسیسم از جمله جهانوطنگرایی بوده است. ایشان، ملت و ملیگرایی را به عنوان ابزارهایی در این راه به کار میبردند. دورۀ زمانی نوشتار، از سال 1848، زمان انتشار بیانیۀ کمونیستی تا سال 1953 زمان مرگ استالین است. شخصیتهای مورد بحث، مارکس و انگلس بهعنوان پدران مارکسیسم و لنین، تروتسکی و استالین بهعنوان نخستین رهبران اتحاد شوروی هستند. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
مارکسیسم؛ جهانوطنگرایی؛ دوگانگی و تناقض؛ ملیگرایی؛ روسیه؛ اتحاد شوروی | ||
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