تعداد نشریات | 161 |
تعداد شمارهها | 6,532 |
تعداد مقالات | 70,501 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,098,962 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,206,527 |
The Dynamic Effects of Export and Technological Changes on Relative Wages | ||
Iranian Economic Review | ||
مقاله 9، دوره 23، شماره 4، دی 2019، صفحه 963-992 اصل مقاله (649.87 K) | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/ier.2019.72999 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
Saeed Rasekhi* ؛ Iman Cheratian | ||
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran | ||
چکیده | ||
he links among trade, technological changes, and worker earnings have been the subject of intense research during the past few decades. The current literature on this subject shows that trade liberalization and technological changes are the main drivers of demand for skilled workers and a rise in the wage premium. In the present article, a panel of 134 Iranian manufacturing industries over the period 2004-2013 and System GMM estimator was used to examine the effect of export(as a proxy for trade) and technological changes on relative wages in high-tech and non-high-tech industries. Our findings show that the estimates are affected by a strong path-dependency in relative wages of both subgroups. Moreover, the education, capital-labor ratio, and total factor productivity (TFP) have a positive and significant impact on relative wages in both groups of the industries. Nevertheless, these variables are more effective in high-tech industries rather than non-high-tech ones. Finally, firms’ decision for entering into international markets puts a positive effect on labors’ earning. While to increase the market share, firms have to cover the trade costs by adjusting the cost of production factors such as labor force or capital. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
Keywords: Relative Wages؛ Export؛ Technological Changes؛ High-tech Industry؛ Non-high-tech Industry. JEL Classification: F66؛ J31؛ O33 | ||
مراجع | ||
Abdi, T. (2007). Trade Liberalization, Technology, Relative Factor Supplies and the Relative Wage: Evidence from the South. Applied Economics, 39(19), 2451-2463.
Acemoglu, D. (1998). Why Do New Technologies Complement Skills? Directed Technical Change and Wage Inequality. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(4), 1055-1089.
Acemoglu, D. (2001). Good Jobs versus Bad Jobs. Journal of Labor Economics, 19(1), 1-21.
Ahrens, S., Pirschel, I., & Snower, D. J. (2015). Path-Dependent Wage Responsiveness. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Steffen_Ahrens/publication/283635506_PathDependent_Wage_Responsiveness/links/5641c81008ae24cd3e427482.pdf.
Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
Baldwin, R. E., & Cain, G. G. (2000). Shifts in Relative US Wages: The Role of Trade, Technology, and Factor Endowments. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 82(4), 580-595.
Barua, A., & Ghosh, P. (2017). Factor Specificity and Wage Inequality in a Developing Economy: The Role of Technology and Trade in Indian Manufacturing. International Review of Economics & Finance, 52, 77-90.
Bernard, A. B., & Jensen, J. B. (1999). Exceptional Exporter Performance: Cause, Effect, or Both? Journal of International Economics, 47(1), 1-25.
Bernard, A. B., & Jensen, J. B. (2004). Why Some Firms Export. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(2), 561-569.
Blum, B. S. (2008). Trade, Technology, and the Rise of the Service Sector: The Effects on US Wage Inequality. Journal of International Economics, 74(2), 441-458.
Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115-143. Bogliacino, F., Piva, M., & Vivarelli, M. (2012). R&D and Employment: An Application of the LSDVC Estimator Using European Microdata. Economics Letters, 116(1), 56-59.
Borjas, G. J., & Ramey, V. A. (1994). Chapter 7 - The Relationship between Wage Inequality and International Trade. In T. F. C. J. W. H. Jeffrey H. Bergstrand & G. S. Richard (Eds.), Contributions to Economic Analysis (217-241). New York: Elsevier.
Bouillon, C., Legovini, A., & Lustig, N. (1999). Can Education Explain Income Inequality Changes in Mexico? Inter-American Development Bank. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a199/d05219c7c17c6d64535688b148c937804d88.pdf.
Bresnahan, T. F., Brynjolfsson, E., & Hitt, L. M. (2002). Information Technology, Workplace Organization, and the Demand for Skilled Labor: Firm-level Evidence. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(1), 339-376.
Card, D., & DiNardo, J. E. (2002). Skill-biased Technological Change and Rising Wage Inequality: Some Problems and Puzzles. Journal of Labor Economics, 20(4), 733-783.
Caselli, M. (2014). Trade, Skill-biased Technical Change and Wages in Mexican Manufacturing. Applied Economics, 46(3), 336-348.
Chuang, Y. C., & Hsu, P. F. (2004). The Employer Size-wage Differentials in Taiwan. Small Business Economics, 23(4), 285-297.
Clark, A. E. (1999). Are Wages Habit-forming? Evidence from Micro Data. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 39(2), 179-200.
Conte, A., & Vivarelli, M. (2011). Imported Skill‐Biased Technological Change In Developing Countries. The Developing Economies, 49(1), 36-65.
Cragg, M. I., & Epelbaum, M. (1996). Why has Wage Dispersion Grown in Mexico? Is it the Incidence of Reforms or the Growing Demand for Skills? Journal of Development Economics, 51(1), 99-116.
Dai, M., & Xu, J. (2017). The Skill Structure of Export Wage Premium: Evidence from Chinese Matched Employer–Employee Data. The World Economy, 40(5), 883-905.
Dix-Carneiro, R., & Kovak, B. K. (2015). Trade Liberalization and the Skill Premium: A Local Labor Markets Approach. American Economic Review, 105(5), 551-557.
Dollar, D., & Kraay, A. (2004). Trade, Growth, and Poverty. The Economic Journal, 114(493), 22-49.
Doms, M., Dunne, T., & Troske, K. R. (1997). Workers, Wages, and Technology. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(1), 253-290.
Dorner, M., Fryges, H., & Schopen, K. (2017). Wages in High-tech Start-ups–Do Academic Spin-offs Pay a Wage Premium? Research Policy, 46(1), 1-18.
Eliaz, K., & Spiegler, R. (2014). Reference Dependence and Labor Market Fluctuations. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 28(1), 159-200.
Esquivel, G., & Rodrıguez-López, J. A. (2003). Technology, Trade, and Wage Inequality in Mexico before and after NAFTA. Journal of Development Economics, 72(2), 543-565.
Falzoni, A. M., Venturini, A., & Villosio, C. (2011). Skilled and Unskilled Wage Dynamics in Italy in the 1990s: Changes in Individual Characteristics, Institutions, Trade and Technology. International Review of Applied Economics, 25(4), 441-463.
Farinas, J. C., & Martín‐Marcos, A. (2007). Exporting and Economic Performance: Firm‐level Evidence of Spanish Manufacturing. The World Economy, 30(4), 618-646.
Feenstra, R. C., & Hanson, G. H. (1999). The Impact of Outsourcing and High-technology Capital on Wages: Estimates for the United States, 1979–1990. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(3), 907-940.
Feizpour, M. A., Hajikhodazadeh, H., & Shahmohammadi Mehrjardi, A. (2014). Life Duration of New Firms in Iranian Manufacturing Industries Using the Cox Proportional Hazard Model. Iranian Economic Review, 18(3), 133-156.
Goldin, C., & Katz, L. F. (1998). The Origins of Technology-skill Complementarity. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(3), 693-732.
Görg, H., & Strobl, E. (2002). Relative Wages, Openness and Skill-biased Technological Change. Retrieved fromhttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUKEwiNotnUidPdAhWrA8AKHRdAMkQFjAAegQIAhAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.iza.org%2Fdp596.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2fA9Otk3yTCFsJiQyd6Pzi.
Greenaway, D., & Yu, Z. (2004). Firm-level Interactions between Exporting and Productivity: Industry-specific Evidence. Review of World Economics, 140(3), 376-392.
Grund, C., & Sliwka, D. (2007). Reference-dependent Preferences and the Impact of Wage Increases on Job Satisfaction: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics JITE, 163(2), 313-335. Hahn, C. H. (2005). Exporting and Performance of Plants: Evidence on Korea. International Trade in East Asia, NBER-East Asia Seminar on Economics, 14, Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/chapters/c0190.
Hanson, G. H., & Harrison, A. (1999). Trade Liberalization and Wage Inequality in Mexico. ILR Review, 52(2), 271-288. Hansson, P., & Lundin, N. N. (2004). Exports as an Indicator on or Promoter of Successful Swedish Manufacturing Firms in the 1990s. Review of World Economics/Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Retrieved form https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02665983.
Harrigan, J., & Reshef, A. (2011). Skill Biased Heterogeneous Firms, Trade Liberalization, and the Skill Premium. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w17604.
Haskel, J., & Heden, Y. (1999). Computers and the Demand for Skilled Labour: Industry‐and Establishment‐Level Panel Evidence for the UK. The Economic Journal, 109(454), 68-79.
Haskel, J. E., & Slaughter, M. J. (2002). Does the Sector Bias of skill-biased Technical Change Explain Changing Skill Premia? European Economic Review, 46(10), 1757-1783.
Helpman, E., Itskhoki, O., & Redding, S. (2010). Inequality and Unemployment in a Global Economy. Econometrica, 78(4), 1239-1283.
Hummels, D., Jørgensen, R., Munch, J., & Xiang, C. (2014). The Wage Effects of Offshoring: Evidence from Danish Matched Worker-Firm Data. American Economic Review, 104(6), 1597-1629.
Huttunen, K. (2005). R&D Activity, Exports, and Changes in Skill Demand in Finland. Finnish Economic Papers, 18(2), 72-85.
Jaques, E. (2013). Measurement of Responsibility: A Study of Work, Payment, and Individual Capacity (8). New York: Routledge.
---------- (1961). Equitable Payment: A General Theory of Work, Differential Payment, and Individual Progress. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1962-08272-000.
Jeon, Y., Kwon, C.-W., & Lee, C. (2013). The Effect of the Material Offshoring and Trade in the Skill Premium. Journal of Korean Economics Studies, 31(2), 97-132.
Juhn, C., Murphy, K. M., & Pierce, B. (1993). Wage Inequality and the Rise in Returns to Skill. Journal of Political Economy, 101(3), 410-442.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (2013). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. In Handbook of the Fundamentals of Financial Decision Making: Part I (99-127). New York: World Scientific.
Katz, L. F., & Revenga, A. L. (1989). Changes in the Structure of Wages: The US versus Japan. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w3021.
Kawaguchi, D., & Ohtake, F. (2007). Testing the Morale Theory of Nominal Wage Rigidity. ILR Review, 61(1), 59-74.
Klein, M. W., Moser, C., & Urban, D. M. (2013). Exporting, Skills and Wage Inequality. Labour Economics, 25, 76-85.
Kőszegi, B., & Rabin, M. (2006). A Model of Reference-dependent Preferences. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(4), 1133-1165.
Krishna, P., Poole, J. P., & Senses, M. Z. (2014). Wage Effects of Trade Reform with Endogenous Worker Mobility. Journal of International Economics, 93(2), 239-252.
Krugman, P. R. (2000). Technology, Trade and Factor Prices. Journal of International Economics, 50(1), 51-71.
Krusell, P., Ohanian, L. E., Ríos‐Rull, J. V., & Violante, G. L. (2000). Capital‐skill Complementarity and Inequality: A Macroeconomic Analysis. Econometrica, 68(5), 1029-1053.
Leamer, E. E. (2000). What’s the use of factor contents? Journal of International Economics, 50(1), 17-49.
---------- (1996). In Search of Stolper-Samuelson Effects on US Wages. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w5427.
Lee, J.-W., & Wie, D. (2015). Technological Change, Skill Demand, and Wage Inequality: Evidence from Indonesia. World Development, 67, 238-250.
Lee, S. (2017). International Trade and Within-sector Wage Inequality: The Case of South Korea. Journal of Asian Economics, 48, 38-47.
Leiponen, A. (2005). Skills and Innovation. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 23(5), 303-323.
Machin, S. (1996). Wage Inequality in the UK. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 12(1), 47-64.
Machin, S., & Van Reenen, J. (1998). Technology and Changes in Skill Structure: Evidence from Seven OECD Countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(4), 1215-1244.
Martins, P. S., & Opromolla, L. D. D. (2009). Exports, Imports and Wages: Evidence from Matched Firm-worker-product Panels. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3f2c/b77c8ae7be55e07da418df9f0f3868f00831.pdf.
McDonald, I. M., & Scully, H. (2001). How Monetary Policy Can have Permanent Real Effects with Only Temporary Nominal Rigidity. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 48(5), 532-546.
Meschi, E., & Vivarelli, M. (2009). Trade and Income Inequality in Developing Countries. World Development, 37(2), 287-302. Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, Experience, and Earnings. Human Behavior & Social Institutions. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/books/minc74-1. Montgomery, J. D. (1991). Equilibrium Wage Dispersion and Interindustry Wage Differentials. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(1), 163-179.
Munch, J. R., & Skaksen, J. R. (2008). Human Capital and Wages in Exporting Firms. Journal of International Economics, 75(2), 363-372.
Narayan, L. (2003). Productivity and Wages in Indian Industries: Discovery Publishing House. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=LpA7pi9Rs-EC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.
Nickell, S., & Bell, B. (1996). Changes in the Distribution of Wages and Unemployment in OECD Countries. The American Economic Review, 86(2), 302-308.
Nieto, S., & Ramos, R. (2017). Overeducation, Skills and Wage Penalty: Evidence for Spain Using PIAAC Data. Social Indicators Research, 134(1), 219-236.
Pavcnik, N. (2003). What Explains Skill Upgrading in Less Developed Countries? Journal of Development Economics, 71(2), 311-328.
Pissarides, C. A. (1994). Search Unemployment with On-the-job Search. The Review of Economic Studies, 61(3), 457-475.
Piva, M., & Vivarelli, M. (2005). Innovation and Employment: Evidence from Italian Microdata. Journal of Economics, 86(1), 65-83.
Roach, M., & Sauermann, H. (2010). A Taste for Science? PhD Scientists’ Academic Orientation and Self-selection into Research Careers in Industry. Research Policy, 39(3), 422-434.
Robertson, R. (2000). Trade Liberalisation and Wage Inequality: Lessons from the Mexican Experience. The World Economy, 23(6), 827-849.
Sandulli, F. D., Baker, P. M., & López-Sánchez, J. I. (2013). Can Small and Medium Enterprises Benefit from Skill-biased Technological Change? Journal of Business Research, 66(10), 1976-1982.
Schank, T., Schnabel, C., & Wagner, J. (2007). Do Exporters Really pay Higher Wages? First Evidence from German Linked Employer–employee Data. Journal of International Economics, 72(1), 52-74.
Schank, T., Schnabel, C., & Wagner, J. (2010). Higher Wages in Exporting Firms: Self-selection, Export Effect, or Both? First Evidence from Linked Employer-employee Data. Review of World Economics, 146(2), 303-322. Stojanovska, N., & Cuyvers, L. (2012). The Interplay between International Trade and Technological Change and the Wage Inequality in the OECD Countries. Macroeconomics and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Wim Meeusen, Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/p/wsr/wpaper/y2010i043.html. Summit, G. (2001). A Globalized Market–Opportunities and Risks for the Poor. Global Poverty Report, Retrieved from http://message.worldbank.org/drm/documents_error.htm. Verhoogen, E. A. (2008). Trade, Quality Upgrading, and Wage Inequality in the Mexican Manufacturing Sector. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(2), 489-530.
Wood, A. (1997). Openness and Wage Inequality in Developing Countries: the Latin American Challenge to East Asian Conventional Wisdom. The World Bank Economic Review, 11(1), 33-57.
Xu, Y., & Ouyang, A. Y. (2015). China Wage Inequality: The Role of Trade and Technology. Applied Economics, 47(47), 5057-5071.
Yasar, M., & Paul, C. J. M. (2008). Capital-skill Complementarity, Productivity and Wages: Evidence from Plant-level Data for a Developing Country. Labour Economics, 15(1), 1-17. | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 620 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 501 |