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برآورد میزان تبخیر از سطح دریای خزر و واکاوی زمانی- مکانی آن | ||
| پژوهش های جغرافیای طبیعی | ||
| مقاله 3، دوره 50، شماره 3، مهر 1397، صفحه 425-441 اصل مقاله (1.73 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله کامل | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jphgr.2018.240918.1007111 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| اکبر زهرایی1؛ جواد خوشحال دستجردی* 2؛ عبدالعظیم قانقرمه3 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری آب و هواشناسی، گروه اقلیم شناسی، دانشکدة جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان | ||
| 2دانشیار آب و هواشناسی، گروه اقلیم شناسی، دانشکدة جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان | ||
| 3استادیار آب و هواشناسی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکدة علوم انسانی، دانشگاه گلستان | ||
| چکیده | ||
| امروزه در بین محققان به دلیل امکان تحلیل مکانی- زمانی، عدم صرف هزینة بالا برای برداشت داده، زمانبرنبودن و بهخصوص استفاده از دادههای شبکهای در دسترس، روشهای تجربی طرفداران زیادی پیدا کرده است. برای اطمینان از صحت برآورد میزان تبخیر دریاچهها از روشهای ابداعشدة تجربی در هیدرولوژی، آنها را با روش بیلان آبی، که روش اندازهگیری مستقیم بهشمار میآید، صحتسنجی میکنند. در تحقیق حاضر برای برآورد تبخیر از سطح دریای خزر به منظور برنامهریزی برای اثرهای نوسانات آب دریا در اکولوژی و تأثیر بر زندگی ساکنان کشورهای مجاور آن، هفت روش تجربی صحتسنجی شد که از میان آنها روش مایر بیشترین و نزدیکترین برآورد را به روش مبنا دارا بود. بر اساس روش مایر، میزان تبخیر از سطح این دریا 1010 میلیمتر در سال برآورد شد. بالاترین میزان تبخیر به لحاظ مکانی از سطح دریای خزر در جنوبشرقی و خلیج قرهبغاز و کمترین میزان آن در بخش غربی و شمالی این دریا انجام میگیرد. به لحاظ زمانی نیز بیشترین مقدار تبخیر خزر در تابستان و کمترین مقدار آن در زمستان انجام میگیرد. عواملی همچون عرض جغرافیایی و دریافت انرژی، جهتگیری ارتفاعات در جنوب و غرب خزر، جریانهای آب سرد در بخش غربی، و وجود بیابانهای بخش شرقی خزر در الگوی توزیع تبخیر خزر اثرگذار است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| بیلان آبی؛ تبخیر؛ دادة شبکهای؛ دریای خزر | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Estimation of Evaporation from the Surface of the Caspian Sea and its Temporal and Spatial Analysis | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Akbar Zahraei1؛ Javad Khoshhal Dastjerdi2؛ Abdolazim Ghanghermeh3 | ||
| 1PhD Student in Climatology, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, University of Isfahan, Esfahan, Iran | ||
| 2Associate Professor of Climatology, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, University of Isfahan, Esfahan, Iran | ||
| 3Assistant professor of Geography, Faculty of Human Sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction Increase in the population of the Caspian Sea, particularly in its coastal zones, will force the governments to use water in the years ahead to gain water from the sea. Therefore, the study of seawater fluctuations influencing the sea ecosystem and the changes resulting from these perceptions will be necessary to prevent serious damage to this environment. In order to investigate the fluctuations in lake water, we need to calculate their water balance, to estimate inputs and outputs, and to determine the level of seawater. One of the most important outguns is evaporation. Calculating evaporation from the lakes is carried out in a variety of ways, with different results. The most accurate estimation of evaporation shows the highest accuracy in estimating the sea level. Thus, the aim of this study is to identify the most accurate and easiest method for estimating evaporation from the Caspian Sea water surface based on available data. Materials and methods The data used in this study were collected from three data centers on a daily basis: the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Princeton University of Hydrology, and the NCEP / NCAR database center in 1982-2010. The data were initially reviewed, verified and synchronized. To do this, the data from 1982 to 1998 were selected and the evaporation rate of water was estimated by balance method, Hefner, SHahtin, Meyer, US Bureau of Civil Engineering, Marciano and Ivanov. It should be noted that as in the method, discharge the output water into the Gulf of Kara Bogaz is extracted from the equation of the water balance, in order to compare the evaporation rate with the selected methods, the accuracy of the sampling is decreased. In all these methods, the Gulf of Kara Bogaz is reduced from the Caspian Sea level. Assuming that the water balance method is the most accurate estimation for evaporation, the other methods were compared with. The method that had the least difference in estimation with this method was selected as the optimal method. Then, with the selected method, the evaporation rate was estimated in 1982-2010. The evaporation zonation of the sea level was calculated and plotted on monthly, seasonal and yearly maps. Results and discussion The findings of the research showed that Meyer's method in comparison with other selected methods in this study has the closest distance and the highest correlation with the balance method. The amount of annual evaporation by Meyer method in different parts of the Caspian Sea is not the same and varies from 688 mm to 1769 mm from north to south. However, the average of the total body weight is from the body. In the Caspian Sea, during the cold season, the least evaporation rate occurs in the northern part and the most in the southern part of the Gorgan Bay. Conclusion According to the results of the base method (balance method), the results showed that Meyer's method has more potential than the other selected methods for estimating evaporation from the Caspian Sea. The methods main relying on climatology element, such as temperature (USBR method), we cannot accurately estimate the evaporation, as a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon, in the Caspian Sea. On the other hand, among the selected methods, when an influential element such as wind speed can be studied only at one level (the Hefner and Marciano method) alone, we cannot provide an accurate estimate of evaporation changes from the Caspian Sea. Finally, it can be said that among different methods, any method that can check the relationship between at least three factors of wind speed, temperature and water vapor pressure on two levels can provide a better and more realistic picture of evaporation changes from the Caspian Sea level. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Evaporation, fluctuation of water level, gridded data, Caspian Sea | ||
| مراجع | ||
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