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رژیم حقوقی حاکم بر برچیدن تأسیسات نفتی در فراساحل در کنوانسیون‌های بین‌المللی و حقوق نروژ و انگلیس | ||
| مطالعات حقوق خصوصی | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 46، شماره 3، مهر 1395، صفحه 343-362 اصل مقاله (262.58 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jlq.2016.58990 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| تصرالله ابراهیمی* 1؛ کیمیا دانایی2؛ مجید کورکی نژاد قرایی3 | ||
| 1استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری حقوق نفت و گاز دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران | ||
| 3دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بین‌الملل دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| برچیدن تأسیسات نفتی فرایندی است که به‌موجب آن تصمیم گرفته می‌شود چگونه تأسیساتی که به پایان عمرشان رسیده‌اند جابه‌جا و از رده خارج شوند. این موضوع نسبتاً جدید به‌خصوص از دهۀ 1980م در سطح بین‌المللی توجهات زیادی را به خود جلب کرده و نگرانی‌های عمدۀ دولت‌ها و صنعت نفت به‌طور کلی از آن زمان آغاز شده و تلاش‌های زیادی در جهت تبیین ابعاد مختلف آن صورت گرفته است. اگرچه این تلاش‌ها در روشن شدن ابعاد مختلف این موضوع موثر بوده‌اند، هنوز هم پرسش‌های متفاوتی به‌خصوص در زمینۀ ابعاد حقوقی آن باقی مانده است. پرسش اساسی به این باز می‌گردد که دولت‌ها در سطح بین‌المللی از یک سو، و کارفرمایان و پیمانکاران در قراردادهای توسعه و بهره‌برداری میدان‌های نفتی و گازی از سوی دیگر، نسبت به این موضوع چه تعهدی دارند؟ ازآنجا که در خصوص این موضوع در معاهدات بین‌المللی و منطقه‌ای تعارض وجود داشته و از طرف دیگر، شرایط و مفاد قراردادهای فی‌مابین کارفرمایان و پیمانکاران صنعت نفت و گاز در این خصوص معلوم و مشخص نبوده است، بررسی اسناد مختلف و همین‌طور حقوق داخلی کشورهای پیشرو در این عرصه و و قراردادهای بالادستی نفت و یافتن راه برون‌رفت از تعارض، موضوع اصلی این پؤوهش است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| برچیدن تأسیسات؛ برچیدن جزئی؛ برچیدن کلی؛ دامپینگ تأسیسات | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The legal regime governing the decommissioning of offshore petroleum installations in international conventions and Norway and England laws | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Nasrollah Ebrahimi1؛ kimia Danaei2؛ Majid Korakinejad Gharaee3 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2PhD Student, Oil and Gas Law, University of Tehran, Iran | ||
| 3MA Student, International Law, University of Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Decommissioning of petroleum installations and platforms is a process to be decided by the parties on how to move or dismantle the installations and platforms that have reached to the end of their lives. Although this is a relatively new topic, it has attracted much attention at the international level especially since 1990. A major concern for governments and industries since that time has been removal of these installations, and for this reason many efforts have been made to explain various aspects of this topic. Although these efforts have been effective in clarifying various aspects of the decommissioning, still many questions especially about its legal and contractual aspects remain. The main question about this topic is, what is the state’s obligation in the international level? In this article, we will study various documents in the international and inter-regional level and also we will study international upstream petroleum contracts as well as domestic laws of the leading countries, e.g. UK and Norway on the issue thereby finding a way for resolving the problems is the main purpose of this paper. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Decommissioning, installations dumping, partial removal, total removal | ||
| مراجع | ||
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الف) کنوانسیون‌ها و معاهدات
ABIJAN Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of Marine and Coastal Environmental of the West and Central Africa Region, (1981)
Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft, Oslo, 11 ILM, (1972)
Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment in the North East Atlantic, (1992),(OSPAR Convention).
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by the Dumping of Wastes and other Matter, (1970)
Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, (1958)
Kuwait Regional Convention for Co-Operation on the Protection of the Maritime Environmental from Pollution, ILM, (1978)
OSPAR decision on the disposal of disused offshore installation, Adopted at the ministerial meeting of the OSPAR commission, (1998)
Protocol Concerning Marine Pollution Resulting from Exploration of the Continental Shelf,(1988)
Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter, (1996)
The EU offshore safety directive
UK Petroleum Act, (1998), Available Online At:
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 21 ILM, (1982)
ب) کتاب‌ها و مقاله‌ها Alaydrus.A, et al, (1995), Salvaging and Reusing Jacket and Deck Structures of Offshore Platforms, Journal of Infrastructure Systems, NO 1
Bentham.R, (1986), Abandonment of Offshore Installations in the North Sea, Int’l Bar Association
Cameron. P.D, (2011), Decommissioning of Oil and gas Installations: The Legal & Contractual Issues, Association of International Petroleum Negotiators (AIPN)
Norwegian climate and pollution agency, (2010), Decommissioning of offshore installation, Report no. TA2643
Norwegian Climate and Pollution Center, (2002), Decommissioning of offshore installations, Assessment of capacity at Norwegian yards in the period 2001–20, Report NO.01-4063
The oil and gas company of UK, (2013), Decommissioning of pipelines in the North Sea region
David.M, Bremner.N, (1983), Legal Aspects of the Removal of Offshore Installations, Oil and Gas Law and Taxation Review, NO 2
Ekins.P,Vanner.R, Firebrace.J, (2006), Decommissioning of Offshore Oil and Gas Facilities: a comparative assessment of different Scenarios, Westminster Research ,Policy Studies Institute
Esmaeili.H, (2001), The Legal Regime of Offshore Oil Rigs in Int’l Law, Ashgate, DARTMOUTH
Gao.Z, (1998), Environmental Regulation of Oil and Gas, kluwer Law International
Hadland.G, (2006), Removal of oil and gas installations from the North Sea, The Norwegian Petroleum Museum’s yearbook
Higgins.R, (2003), Abandonment of Energy Sites and Structures: Relevant International Law,11(1)JENRL
International offshore Oil and Natural Gas Exploration and Product Industry, Decommissioning Offshore Oil and gas Installations: Finding the Right Balance, available online at:http://www.ukooa.co.uk/balance.html.
Krik.EA,Warbrick.C,McGoldrick. D, (1999), OSPAR Decision 98/3 and the Dumping of Offshore Installations, The Int’l and Comprative Law Quarterly, vol. 48, No 2
Krik. E.A, (1997), 1996 Protocol to the London Convention and the Brent Spar, International & Comparative Law Quarterly, NO 46
Macdonald, J M, (1994), Artificial Reef Debate: Habitat Enhancement or Waste Disposal?, ODIL, NO 24
Kristing, K., (12 June 2008), How technologies are currently being developed – are there gaps, Presentation at Oil & Gas UK decommissioning seminar MorakinyoAdedayo.A, (2002), Disused Offshore Installations and pipelines: Towards Sustainable Decommissioning, Kluwer Law Int’, NO l
Smith.EE.,Dzienkowski, JS .Anderson. OL .Lowe, JS.Kramer, BM. Weaver, JL, (2010), International Petroleum Transactions, Third edition, Rock Mountain Mineral Law Foundation
Woodlieff.J, (1999), Decommissioning of oil and Gas Installations in Europe Waters: The End of a Decade Indecision? The International Journal of Marin and Coastal Law, Vol. 14, No 1 | ||
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