وردایی دمای هوای ایران از سطح زمین تا پوش سپهر زیرین به عنوان نمایه ای از تغییر اقلیم در بازه زمانی 1979 تا 2014

 

علیجانی، ب.، محمودی، پ.، سلیقه، م. و ریگی بخش، ا.ب.، 1390، بررسی تغییرات کمینه و بیشینه‌های سالانه دما در ایران، فصلنامۀ تحقیقات جغرافیایی، 102، 122-101.

مسعودیان، س.ا.، 1384، بررسی روند دمای ایران در نیم سدة گذشته، مجلة پژوهش‌های جغرافیایی، 54، 45-29.

Allen, R.J., Sherwood, S.C., Norris, J.R. and Zender, C.S., 2012, Recent Northern Hemisphere tropical expansion primarily driven by black carbon and tropospheric ozone. Nature., 485, 350-354.

Andrews, D. G., Holton, J. R. and Leovy, C. B., 1987, Middle Atmosphere Dynamics, 498 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif.

Barnett, T. P., and Schlesinger, M. E., 1987, Detecting changes in global climate induced by greenhouse gases. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14 772–14 780.

Bengtsson, L., and Hodges, K. I., 2011, On the evaluation of temperature trends in the tropical troposphere, Clim. Dyn., 36, 419–430.

Butler, A. H., Thompson, D. W. J. and Heikes, R., 2010, The steady‐state atmospheric circulation response to climate change‐like thermal forcings in a simple general circulation model, J. Clim., 23, 3474–3496.

Christy J. R., W. B. Norris, R. W. Spencer, J. J. Hnilo, 2007: Tropospheric temperature change since 1979 from tropical radiosonde and satellite measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 112: D06102, DOI:10.1029/2005JD006881.

Colman, R. A., 2001, On the vertical extent of atmospheric feedbacks,Clim. Dyn., 17, 391–405,

Fu, Q. and Lin, P., 2011a, Poleward Shift of Subtropical Jets Inferred from Satellite-ObservedLower-Stratospheric Temperatures, J. Clim., 24, 5597-5603.

Fu, Q., Johanson, C. M. Wallace, J. M. and Reichler, T., 2006, Enhanced mid-latitude tropospheric warming in satellite measurements, Science., 312, 1179.

Fu, Q., Manabe, S. and Johanson, C. M., 2011b, On the warming in the tropical upper troposphere: Models versus observations, Geophys. Res. Lett.,38, L15704, doi:10.1029/2011GL04810.

Fu, Q., Solomon, S. and Lin, P., 2010, On the seasonal dependence of tropical lower-stratospheric temperature trends. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2643–2653.

Gaffen, D.J., Santer, B.D., Boyle, J.S., Christy, J.R., Grahan, N.E and Ross, R.J., 2000, Multidecadal changes in the vertical temperature structure of the tropica troposphere, Science, 287, 1242-1245.

Goody, R.M. and Yung, Y.L., 1995, Atmospheric radiation: Theoritical basis, Second edition, Oxford University Press.

Hartmann, D. L., and Larson, K., 2002, An important constraint on tropical cloud‐climate feedback, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1951, doi:10.1029/2002GL015835.

Holton, J. R., 1979, An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, Second Edition. Academic Press, New York, 416 pp.

Held, I. M., 1982, On the Height of the Tropopause and the Static Stability of the Troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 412–417.

Held, I. M., 1993, Large‐scale dynamics and global warming, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 74, 228–241

Hudson, R. D., Andrade, M. F.,  Follette, M. B. Frolov, D., 2006, The total ozone field separated into meteorological regimes.Part II: Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude total ozone trends. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5183–5191.

Hurrell, J. W. and Trenberth, K. E., 1998, Difficulties in obtaining reliable temperature trends: Reconciling the surface and satellite microwave sounding unit records.J. Climate., 11, 945–967.

Karl T. R., Hassol, S. J., Miller,  C. D. and Murray , W. L., 2006, Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere: Steps for Understanding and Reconciling Differences. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center: Asheville, NC; 164.

Kiehl, J.T., 1992, Atmospheric general circulation modeling. Cambridge University Press, Cambreidge.

Marshall, G.J., 2002, Trends in Antarctic geopotential height and temperature: A comparison between Radiosonde and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data, J. Climate., 15, 659-674.

Randel, W. J., and Wu, F., 1999, Cooling of the Arctic and Antarctic polar stratospheres due to ozone depletion.J. Climate., 12,1467–1479.

Randel, W. J., and Wu, F., and Gaffen, D. J., 2000, Interannual variability of the tropical tropopause derived from radiosonde data and NCEP reanalyses. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 509–15 523.

Reichler, T., 2009, Changes in the Atmospheric Circulation as Indicator of Climate Change. In Trevor M. Letcher, editor: Climate Change: Changes in the Atmospheric Circulation as Indicator of Climate Change, Elsevier, pp. 145-164.

Santer, B. D., Taylor, K.E., Wigley, T.M.L., Johns., T.C., Jones, P.D., Karoly, D.J., Mitchell, J.F.B., Oort, A.H., Penner, J.E., Ramaswamy, V., Schwarzkopf, M.D., Stouffer, R.J. and Tett, S., 1996, A search for human influences on the thermal structure of the atmosphere. Nature., 382, 39–46.

Santer, B.D., Hnilo, J.J., Boyle, J.S.,  Doutriaux, C., Fiorino, M., Parker, D.E., Taylor, K.E. and Wigley,  T.M.L., 1999, Uncertainties in observationally-based estimates of temperature change in the free atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 6305-6333.

Santer, B. D., Wigley, T. M. L., Boyle,  J. S., Gaffen, D. J., Hnilo,  J. J., Nychka,  D.,  Parker,  D. E. and Taylor, K. E., 2000, Statistical significance of trends and trend differences in layer-average atmospheric temperature time series, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 7337– 7356.

Shah, K. P., and Rind, D., 1998, Comparing upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric temperatures: Microwave sounding unit, radiosonde, COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere, and National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis monthly mean climatologies. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31569–31591.

 

Seidel, D.J. and Randel, W.J., 2006, Variability and trends in the global tropopause estimated from radiosonde data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D21101, doi:10.1029/2006JD007363.

Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J. and Reichler, T. J., 2008, Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate, Nat. Geosci., 1, 21– 24.

Seidel, D.J., Free, M and Wang, J.S., 2012, Reexamining the warming in the tropical upper troposphere: Models versus radiosonde observations. J. Geophys. Res., 39, 1-5.

Stephens, G. L. and Webster, P. J., 1981, Clouds and Climate: Sensitivity of Simple Systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 235-245.

Stouffer., R.J. and Manabe, S., 1999, Response of a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model to Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Sensitivity to the Rate of Increase, J. Clim., 12, 224-2237.

Struthwolf, M.E., 1995, Forecasting maximum temperatures through use of an adjusted 850- to 700-mb thickness technique, Weather and forecasting., 10, 160-171.

Tett, S.F.B., Mitchell, F.B., Parker, D.E and Allen, M.R., 1996, Human Influence on the Atmospheric Vertical Temperature Structure: Detection and Observations, Scince., 274, 1170-1173.

Trenberth, K.E. and Stepaniak, D.P., 2003, Covariability of Components of Poleward Atmospheric Energy Transports on Seasonal and Interannual Timescales. J. Climate, 16, 3691–3705.

Wallace, J.M., Fu, Q., Smoliak, B.V., Lin, P. and Johanson, C.M., 2012, Simulated versus observed patterns of warming over the extratropical Northern Hemisphere continents during the cold season, PNAS., 109, 14337–14342.

Wentz, F. J., and  Schabel, M., 1998, Effects of orbital decay on sat-ellite-derived lower-tropospheric temperature trends. Nature., 394, 661–664.