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بررسی جامعه شناختی اندیشه های سیاسی ژان ژاک روسو(فیلسوف فرانسوی) درباره حاکمیت قانون | ||
| مجله دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی(منتشر نمی شود) | ||
| مقاله 11، 1تا4، شماره 133 - شماره پیاپی 1003، فروردین 1374 اصل مقاله (611.9 K) | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| دکتر امیرآشفته تهرانی* | ||
| چکیده | ||
| روسو معتقد است که خداوند قدرت و نیروی نیکی و خیر و آفریننده همه جامعه های انسانی است . بنیان فلسفه سیاسی روسو بر"اراده عمومی" قرار دارد که بر اراده فرد مقدم است . وی اراده عمومی را دولت نامید که به منظور حمایت از منافع اکثریت مردم بوجود می آید. بنا بر شالودة اراده عمومی‘دولت پدید آمد و مردمان با هم توافق کردند که براساس پیمانهایی با شرایطی به همزیستی پردازند و مطابق همین توافق است که مردم قوانین عادلانه حکومت را محترم می شمارند. به عقیده روسو انسان پیش از تشکیل اجتماع از حیث فکری ناتوان تر بود ولی از لحاظ اخلاقی در مرحله ای بالاتر قرار داشت واین خود جامعه متمدن بوده است که افراد را آزمند و نسبت به امتیازهای یکدیگر حسود کرده است . وضع قوانین با مردم است یعنی مردم نمایندگانی را برمی گزینند تا آنان قانون وضع نمایند و از این راه شرکت خود را در اداره امور جامعه اعمال کنند. نتیجه استدلال روسو این است که اراده همگانی بوسیله ساختار سیاسی موجود در دولت همواره آماده رهبری کردن و حاکم بودن می باشد. | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
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| چکیده [English] | ||
| Jean Jacques Rousseau was born at Geneva on June 28th, 1712, the son of a watchmaker. From 1738 to 1740 Rousseau acted as tutor to the children of a M. Mably, and while occupying this post he made the acquaintance of Condillac. In 1745 he met Voltaire for the first time, and in 1749 Diderot invited him to write the articles on music for the Encyclopaedia. His" Discourse on the Origin and Foundation of Inequality among Men" was published in 1758. Rousseau's article on political economy was printed 111 the Encyclopaedia. He said that the legislator's first duty is to make the laws conform to the general will and that it is needful only to act justly to lie certain of following the general will (volonte generale). According to Rousseau, the more general will is also the most just.The general will is always the will of Nature.A distinction is drawn dy Rousseau between sovreignity and government. The governmnt's function is executive and administrative, that is, to administer the Law. The first duty of the legislator is to make the laws conformable to the general will. The general will is always on the side which is most favourable to the public interest, that is to say, most equitable. The general will of political society is a particular canalization of the universal orientation of the human will to the good. For Rousseau, the government is simply an executive power which is dependent for its power on the assembley. Rousseau found the solution in centralized governmet. There is not a pure contradiction between the "Discourse on the Arts and sciences and the" Social contract" In the "Social contract" Rousseau speaks of political society as it ought to be. Rousseau's discussion if the general will is closely connected with the problem if freedom. He wished to justify the transition from the hypothetical state of nature to the that of organized political society. The man is naturally free and that freedom is an inestimable value. Applying this distinction to the politic we must distinguish between the legislative power or government. Rousseau is speaking in "Social Contract" of democracy in the literal sense. According to him the general principles may be stated as follows: God is good, nature is good, man is also good. Phases of these spirits were on Herder, Schiller and kant, and in England on Godwin and Wordsworth. In France its powerful expression is to be found in the enthusiasm of the revolution. Rousseau's influence on Herder was largely responsible for translating Romanticism to Germany. David Hume, who respected Rousseau's genius, invited him to England, but he returned to France, where he lived for a time in disguise. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
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