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لویاتان غایب و برافتادن جمهوری: آسیبشناسی ناکامی دموکراسیسازی در افغانستان (2001-2021) | ||
مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی | ||
دوره 16، شماره 2، اسفند 1402، صفحه 323-347 اصل مقاله (806.25 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jcep.2024.369756.450186 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
مهدی نجف زاده1؛ رضا سرحدی* 2 | ||
1دانشیار، گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران | ||
2پژوهشگر پسادکتری علوم سیاسی، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران | ||
چکیده | ||
پیدایش گروه طالبان در عرصۀ سیاست افغانستان در دهۀ ۱۹۹۰ و بهدستآوردن قدرت از مهمترین فرازهای سرنوشتساز این کشور محسوب میشود. سقوط آنان و آغاز دورۀ جمهوری در سال ۲۰۰۱ نوید ورود افغانستان به مسیر دموکراسی را میداد، اما پیدایی دوبارۀ طالبان در تابستان ۲۰۲۱ جامعۀ جهانی را شوکه کرد. در این نوشتار میخواهیم ناکامی افغانستان در دموکراسیسازی در سالهای ۲۰۰۱ تا ۲۰۲۱ را از دریچه سنت توسعهپژوهی دارون عجم اوغلو و جیمز ای رابینسون و با تأکید بر سیاست، اقتصاد و تاریخ واکاوی کنیم. با رویکرد کیفی و روش جامعهشناسی تاریخیتبیینی در پی پاسخ این پرسش هستیم که دلیل ناکامی دموکراسیسازی در افغانستان و برآمدن دوباره و سریع طالبان برآیند چیست؟ در پاسخ این فرضیه مطرح میشود که ماهیت دولت در افغانستان بهدلیل ساختار و طراحی ضعیف و قدرت ضددموکراسی جامعه با لویاتان غایب همخوانی دارد. در چنین بستری قفس هنجارها تعیینکنندۀ سیاست و مانع تقویت همزمان دولت (بهروزی اقتصادی و اجتماعی) و جامعه (درونیشدن ارزشهای جدید و هوشیاری) و برآمدن لویاتان مقید برای گذار به دموکراسی شده است. برایند این موارد راه را برای بازگشت دوبارۀ اقتدارگرایی طالبان هموار کرد. دادههای این نوشتار از راه مطالعات کتابخانهای و اسنادی گردآوری شده است و در چارچوب نظریۀ عجم اوغلو و رابینسون بررسی و تحلیل شدهاند. یافتهها نشان میدهد که دموکراسیسازی در افغانستان هنگامی موفق است که لویاتان از حالت غایب خارج شود و به تقویت جامعه با محوریت فرسایش قفس هنجارهای ضدتوسعه نگاه ویژه داشته باشد. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
گذار؛ دموکراسی؛ ظرفیت دولت؛ ظرفیت جامعه؛ قفس هنجارها؛ افغانستان | ||
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