1دانش‌آموختۀ دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، دانشکدۀ حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2استادیار گروه حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران
چکیده
حقوق بشر بنا به روایت غالب، در درون مدرنیته و بر اساس نظریه‌های سکولار فیلسوفان عصر روشنگری بنیان نهاده شده است. اما دیدگاه انتقادی اقلیتی وجود دارد که ریشۀ جنبش‌های نظری و سیاسی مدرن نظیر اومانیسم، لیبرالیسم و سوسیالیسم که زیربنای فکری حقوق بشر را تشکیل می‌دهند، در الهیات و اخلاقیات مسیحی دنبال می‌کند. نیچه یکی از همین دسته فیلسوفان پیشرویی است که اصول اساسی نظام بین‌المللی حقوق بشر از جمله کرامت ذاتی، آزادی، برابری و جهانشمولی را متأثر از ارزش‌های اخلاقی مسیحی به‌شمار می‌آورد که در اساس بازنمایی اخلاق بردگان در برابر اخلاق سروران است. این نظریه متمایز از غربی دانستن حقوق بشر از جانب نظریه‌پردازان نسبی‌گرایی فرهنگی و پست‌مدرن است، هرچند هر دو نظر به یک نتیجه منجر می‌شوند؛ به چالش کشیدن جهانشمولی حقوق بشر. مقالة حاضر با روش تحلیلی کتابخانه‌ای تلاش می‌کند با تمرکز بر آثار نیچه به بررسی سیر این جریان فکری بپردازد و به این مسئله پاسخی درخور دهد که جهانشمولی حقوق بشر چطور با ریشه‌های مسیحی خودش در تناقض است.
1PhD in International Law, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political science, Tehran. Iran
2Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political science, Tehran. Iran
3Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political science, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
According to the predominant narrative, the concept of human rights is founded within the context of modernity and based on the secular theories of the Enlightenment philosophers. However, there is a minority critical view that traces the roots of modern theoretical and political movements such as humanism, liberalism and socialism, which form the intellectual foundation of human rights, in Christian theology and ethics. Nietzsche is one of the pioneer philosophers who considers the basic principles of the international human rights system, including inherent dignity, freedom, equality and universality, to be influenced by Christian moral values which are based on the representation of the morality of slaves against the morality of masters. This theory is different from the westernization of human rights claimed by cultural relativism and postmodern theorists, although both opinions lead to the same result; Challenging the universality of human rights. The present article tries to investigate the course of this intellectual flow by focusing on the works of Nietzsche and to give an appropriate answer to the question of how the universality of human rights has a paradox with its Christian roots.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Nietzsche, Human Rights, Morality, Christianity, Universality
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