Hydrogeochemical evaluation of springs water for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes in Alvand heights of Hamedan, west of Iran

Aiuppa, A., Allard, P., D’Alessandro, W., Michel, A., Parello, F., Treuil, M., Valenza, M., 2000. Mobility and fluxes of major, minor and trace metals during basalt weathering and groundwater transport at Mt. Etna volcano (Sicily), Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64(11): 1827-1841.
Ako, A.A., Shimada, J., Hosono, T., Kagabu, M., Ayuk, A.R., Nkeng, G.E., Eyong, GET., Takounjou, ALF., 2012. Spring water quality and usability in the Mount Cameroon area revealed by hydrogeochemistry, Environ Geochem Health, 34(5): 615-639.
Alizadeh, A., 2007. Principles of Applied Hydrology. Quds Razavi Publications, Mashhad,. Iran. 872 pp. (in Persian).
Barbieri, M., Nigro, A., Petitta, M., 2017. Groundwater mixing in the discharge area of San Vittorino Plain (Central Italy): geochemical characterization and implication for drinking uses, Environ Earth Sci, 76(11): 393.
Barbieri, M., Ricolfi, L., Vitale, S., Muteto, P.V., Nigro, A., Sappa, G., 2019. Assessment of groundwater quality in the buffer zone of Limpopo National Park, Gaza Province, Southern Mozambique, Environ Sci Pollut R, 26(1): 62-77.
Barquin, J., Scarsbrook, M., 2008. Management and conservation strategies for Coldwater Springs, Aquat Conserv Mar Freshwat Ecosyst, 18: 580-591.
Bhat, S.U., Mushtaq, S., Qayoom, U., Sabha, I., 2020. Water quality scenario of Kashmir Himalayan Springs–a case study of Baramulla District, Kashmir Valley, Water Air Soil Pollut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04796-4
Bhat, S.U., Pandit, A.K., 2018. Hydrochemical characteristics of some typical freshwater springs–a case study of Kashmir Valley Springs, Int J Water Res Arid Environ, 7(1): 90-100.
Darvishzadeh, A., 1991. Geology of Iran. University of Tehran Press, Tehran, 901 pp. (in Persian).
Dehghan, M., 1947. Sur laege mésozoique de la zone de Hamadan (Iran Septentional). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 224: 1516- 1518.
Durfor, C.N., Becker, E., 1964. Public water supplies of the 100 largest cities in the United States, 1962,US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1812, 364 p.
Eaton, D.A., Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E., 1995. Standard Methods, for 14 the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th ed, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC 1015.
Eftekhar-Nezhad, J., 1980. Zonation of different parts of Iran in terms of construction status based on sedimentary basins, Journal of Petroleum Association No. 82.
Eshraghi, S.A., Mahmoudi Gharai, M., 2003. Quadrangle Geological Map of Tuyserkan, Geological Survey of Iran, Scale 1:100,000, Geological Survey of Iran.
Esmaeili-Vardanjani, M., Rasa, I., Amiri, V., Yazdi, M., Pazand, K., 2015. Evaluation of groundwater quality and assessment of scaling potential and corrosiveness of water samples in Kadkan aquifer, Khorasan-e-Razavi Province, Iran, Environmental monitoring and assessment, 187(2): 1-18.
Fetter, C.W., 1999. Contaminant hydrogeology (Vol. 500). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Ghobadi, M.H., 2017. Groundwater. Bu Ali Sina University Press, Hamadan., Iran, 270pp. (in Persian).
Guihéneuf, N., Boisson, A., Bour, O., Dewandel, B., Perrin, J., Dausse, A., Viossanges, M., Chandra, S., Ahmed, S., Maréchal, J.C., 2014. Groundwater flows in weathered crystalline rocks: impact of piezometric variations and depth dependent fracture connectivity, J. Hydrol, 511: 320-334.
Gupta, A., Kulkarni, H., 2017. Inventory and revival of springs in Himalayas for water security. Report of the NITI Aayog Working Group as part of initiatives on Sustainable Development of Mountains of Indian Himalayan Region https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/doc1.pdf
Hounslow, AW, 1995. Water quality data analysis and interpretation. Lewis publishers, CKC press,416pp.
Houston, J., 1992. Rural water supplies: comparative case histories from Nigeria and Zimbabwe, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 66(1): 243-257.
Howard, F.W.K, Mullings, E., 1996. Hydrochemical analysis of groundwater flow and saline intrusion in the Clarendon basin, Jamaica, Ground water, 34: 801-810.
IPCC., 2014. Climate change 2014: synthesis report. In: Core Writing Team, Pachauri RK, Meyer LA (eds) Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, p 151 https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/37530/1/IPCC_AR5_SYR_Final.pdf
Iqbal, H.H., Shahid, N., Qadir, A., Ahmad, S.R., Sarwar, S., Ashraf, M.R., Arshad, H.M., Masood, N., 2017. Hydrological and ichthyological impact assessment of Rasul Barrage, River Jhelum, Pakistan, Pol J Environ Stud, 26(1): 107-114.
Jang, C.S., Chen, C.F., Liang, C.P., Chen, J.S., 2016. Combining groundwater quality analysis and a numerical flow simulation for spatially establishing utilization strategies for groundwater and surface water in the Pingtung Plain, J Hydrol, 533: 541-556.
Join, JL, Coudray, J., Longworth, K., 1997. Using principal components analysis and Na/Cl ratios to trace groundwater circulation in a volcanic island: the example of Reunion, Journal of Hydrology, 190(1): 1-18.
Kanduč, T., Mori, N., Kocman, D., Stibilj, V., Grassa, F., 2012. Hydrogeochemistry of Alpine springs from North Slovenia: insights from stable isotopes, Chem Geol, 300: 40-54.
Khalid, S., 2019. An assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking purposes around brick kilns in three districts of Balochistan province, Pakistan, through water quality index and multivariate statistical approaches, J Geochem Explor, 197: 14-26.
Kreamer, D.K., Stevens, L.E., Ledbetter, J.D., 2014. Groundwater dependent ecosystems—science,challenges, and policy: In Adelana SM, (eds) Groundwater. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY. pp. 205-230.
Kresic, N., Stevanivic, Z., 2010. Groundwater hydrology of springs. Elsevier Pub, 592pp.
Lachassagne, P., 2008. Overview of the hydrogeology of hard rock aquifers: applications for their survey, management, modelling and protection, Groundwater Dynamics in Hard Rock Aquifers (pp. 40-63): Springer.
Lachassagne, P., Dewandel, B., Wyns, R., 2021. Review: Hydrogeology of weathered crystalline/hardrock aquifers- guidelines for the operational survey and management of their groundwater resources, Hydrogeology Journal, 29: 2561-2594.
Langelier, W., 1946. Chemical equilibria in water treatment, J. Am. Water Work Assoc, 38(2): 169-178.
Larsen, D., Swihart, G.H., Xiao, Y., 2001. Hydrochemistry and isotope composition of springs in the Tecopa basin, southeastern California, USA, Chem Geol, 179(1-4): 17-35.
Lone, S.A., Bhat, S.U., Hamid, A., Bhat, F.A., Kumar, A., 2021. Quality assessment of springs for drinking water in the Himalaya of South Kashmir, India, Environ Sci Pollut Res, 28: 2279-2300.
Mahdavi, M., 2007. Applied Hydrology. University of Tehran Press, Tehran, Iran, 401 pp. (In Persian).
Michalik, A., 2008. The use of chemical and cluster analysis for studying spring water quality in Świętokrzyski National Park, Pol J Environ Stud, 17(3): 357-362.
Mostaza-Colado, D., Carreño-Conde, F., Rasines-Ladero, R., Iepure, S., 2018. Hydrogeochemical characterization of a shallow alluvial aquifer: 1 baseline for groundwater quality assessment and resource management, Sci Total Environ, 639: 1110-1125.
Muchingami, I., Chuma, C., Gumbo, M., Hlatywayo, D., Mashingaidze, R., 2019. Review: Approaches to groundwater exploration and resource evaluation in the crystalline basement aquifers of Zimbabwe, Hydrogeology Journal, 27: 915-928.
Nakhaei, M., 2009. An Introduction to Groundwater, Arad Ketab Publications, Tehran, Iran, 291 pp. (in Persian).
Nazaripour, H., Khosravi, M., Masoudian, A., 2011. Spatial patterns concerning the importance of continuous rainfall in Iran, Geographical studies of arid regions 1(3) (in Persian).
Nelson, N., 2008. Between the cracks: water law and springs conservation in Arizona. In: Aridland springs of North America: ecology and conservation, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 318-331.
Prasad, B., Bose, J., 2001. Evaluation of the heavy metal pollution index for surface and spring water near a limestone mining area of the lower Himalayas, Environ Geol, 41(1-2): 183-188.
Ragno, G., De, Luca, M., Ioele, G., 2007. An application of cluster analysis and multivariate classification methods to spring water monitoring data, Microchem J, 87(2): 119-127.
Risko, J., 2018. Sacred springs: perceptions of religion and water in village communities of Uttarakhand. Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. pp. 2852 https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/ispcollection/2852
Ryan, M., Meiman, J., 1996. An examination of short-term variations in water quality at a karst spring in Kentucky, Groundwater, 34(1): 23- 30.
Sadeghian, M., 1994. Petrological study of igneous rocks and metamorphism of Cheshmeh Ghasaban area of Hamadan. Master Thesis, University of Tehran. (in Persian).
Saxena, V., Ahmed, S., 2001, Dissolution of fluoride in groundwater: a water-rock interaction study, 298 Ghobadi et al.
Environ Geol, 40(9): 1084-1087.
Sepahi Garou, A., 1999. Petrology of Alvand Plutonic Complex with a Special Attitude to Granitoids, a Ph.D. Thesis in Petrology, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Moallem University. (in Persian).
Setlur, N., Sharp, J.M., Hunt, B.B., 2019. Crystalline-rock aquifer system of the Llano Uplift, Central Texas, USA, Hydrogeology Journal. doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02000-4
Shahbazi, H., Siebel, W., Pourmoafee, M., Ghorbani, M., Sepahi, A.A., Shang, C.K., Vousoughi-Abedini, M., 2010. Geochemistry and U-Pb zircon geochoronology of Alvand plutonic complex in Sanandaj- Sirjan Zone (Iran), New evidence for Jurassic magmatism. J. Asian. Earth. Sci, 39(6): 668-683.
Shigut, D.A., Liknew, G., Irge, D.D., Ahmad, T., 2017. Assessment of physicochemical quality of borehole and spring water sources supplied to Robe Town, Oromia region, Ethiopia, ApplWater Sci, 7(1): 155-164.
Singh, K.K., Bharti, A.K., Pal, S.K., Prakash, A., 2019. Delineation of fracture zone for groundwater using combined inversion technique, Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(4): 110.
Singhal, B.B.S., 2008. Nature of hard rock aquifers: hydrogeological uncertainties and ambiguities, Groundwater Dynamics in Hard Rock Aquifers, pp. 20-39.
Singhal, B.B.S., Gupta, R.P., 1999. Applied Hydrogeology of Fractured Rocks, Department of Earth Sciences University of Roorkee, India, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 429 pp.
Springer, A.E., Stevens, L.E., Anderson, D.E., Parnell, R.A., Kreamer, D.K., Levin, L.A., Flora, S.P., 2008. A comprehensive springs classification system. In: Aridland springs in North America: ecology
and conservation. University of Arizona Press and Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, pp 49-75.
Sun, Y.B., Wang, W.K., Duan, L., 2014. Geochemical evolution mechanisms of shallow groundwater in Guanzhong Basin, Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, 41(3): 29-35.
Taheri, M., Gharaie, M.H.M., Mehrzad, J., Afshari, R., Datta, S., 2017. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evaluation of arsenic contaminated waters in an argillic alteration zone, J Geochem Explor, 175: 1-10.
Tambe, S., Arrawatia, M.L., Bhutia, N.T., Swaroop, B., 2011. Rapid, cost effective and high resolution assessment of 350 climate-related vulnerability of rural communities of Sikkim Himalaya, India, Curr Sci, 101(2): 165-173.  http://www.sikkimforest.gov.in/climate-change-insikkim/15-Chapter-Rapid, %20Cost%20Effective%20and%20High%20Resolution%20Assesment%20of%20Climate.pdf
Todd, D.K., Mays, L.W., 2005. Groundwater Hydrology, 3rd Ed, John Wiley and Sons Inc, USA, 652 pp.
Unmack, P.J., Minckley, W.L., 2008. The demise of desert springs. In: Stevens LE, Meretsky VI (eds) Aridland springs in North America: ecology and conservation, University of Arizona Press, Tucson. US Department of Agriculture (USDA)., 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture.
Valizadeh, M.V., 1974. Study of lithology and mineralogical chemistry of Alvand complex (Hamdam). Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, 6(1): 14-29.
Valizadeh, M.V., Cantagrel, J.M., 1975. Premiers donnees radiometrique (K-Ar) et (Rb-Sr) sur les micas du complex du montd Alvand. C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris t. 281, serie D, 1083-1086.
Witherspoon, P., Wang, J., Iwai, K., Gale, J., 1980. Validity of cubic law for fluid flow in a deformable rock fracture, Water resources research, 16(6): 1016-1024.
Xu, P., Feng, W., Qian, H., Zhang, Q., 2019. Hydrogeochemical characterization and irrigation quality assessment of shallow groundwater in the central-western Guanzhong Basin, China, Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(9), 1492:1-18.
Zareian, S., Forghani, A., Fayyaz, H., 1952. Alvand granite mass and its metamorphic halo. Part 2, Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, 4(1): 23-28.
Zhang, B., Zhao, D., Zhou, P., Qu, S., Liao, F., & Wang., G. 2020. Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater and dominant water-rock interactions in the Delingha Area, Qaidam Basin, Northwest China, Water, 12(3): 836.