پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 158 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,225 |
| تعداد مقالات | 67,685 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 114,975,955 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 89,648,357 |
تحلیل جامعه‌شناختی تناسب در نمایندگی جامعه ایرانی:ابعاد طبقاتی و جمعیت‌شناختی نمایندگی در ایران بعد از انقلاب اسلامی | ||
| مطالعات جامعه شناختی (نامه علوم اجتماعی سابق) | ||
| دوره 29، شماره 1، خرداد 1401، صفحه 103-136 اصل مقاله (530.52 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی وپزوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jsr.2022.88957 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| علی دادگر* | ||
| استادیار گروه جامعه‌شناسی دانشگاه تهران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| بافت جامعه و ترکیب نمایندگان سیاسی در ایران از مقطع انقلاب اسلامی سال 1357 تاکنون، تغییرات شگرفی داشته است. تحقیقات پیشین، توجه کمتری به تناظر و تناسب بین ترکیب اقتصادی-اجتماعی و جمعیت‌شناختی جامعه ایران و بالاخص ترکیب نمایندگان سیاسی منتخب در مجالس شورای اسلامی، به عنوان نهادی که بیشترین ظرفیت برای برقراری چرخش نخبگان سیاسی پس از انقلاب اسلامی را فراهم آورده است، داشته‌‌‌‌اند. با بهره گیری از داده‌های خام سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن و همچنین مجموعه داده‌های معرفی نمایندگان مجلس شورای اسلامی، این پژوهش به سنجش اندازه تناسب در نمایندگی توصیفی نمایندگان ده دوره مجلس در فاصله سال‌های 1359 تا 1399 می‌پردازد. به منظور سنجش تناسب در نمایندگی طبقات اجتماعی در ایران بعد از انقلاب، برای نخستین بار، یک مدل تلفیقی تبدیل مقولات شغلی به پایگاه طبقاتی بر اساس طرحواره اریکسون-گولدثورپ-پورتوکارِرو پیشنهاد شده است. در توضیح مکانیزم تناظر بین جامعه و نخبگان سیاسی در ایران بعد از انقلاب، به نظریات ناظر بر مناسبات دولت و جامعه، و همچنین نظریه بازتولید فرهنگی مراجعه شده است. نتایج مستخرجه نشان از بیش-نمایندگی طبقه بالا در مجالس ایران بعد از انقلاب دارد که مؤید حمایت ضمنی از رویکرد لیبرال-تکثر گرایانه نسبت به رابطه دولت و جامعه است. این پژوهش همچنین شواهدی مبتنی بر کم-نمایندگی طبقه پایین (کارگر)، و همچنین شواهدی از طبقه-محور بودن دسترسی به آموزش یافته است که گواه قدرت توضیحی رویکرد‌های قائل به اصالت مناسبات طبقاتی در ساختار دولت است. شاخص عدم تشابه همچنین آشکار می‌سازد که در حالیکه طبقه متوسط و اقلیت‌های قومی و مذهبی (به رسمیت شناخته شده) بطور برازنده در مجالس ده‌گانه نمایندگی شده اند، با اینحال، زنان، گروه‌های شغلی پایین و گروه‌های سنی جوان دچار کم-نمایندگی هستند. در نهایت بحث می‌شود که به منظور تحقق حداکثری عدالت سیاسی و برقراری چرخش مردمسالارانه نخبگان سیاسی، اهتمام به ارتقاء نمایندگی توصیفی ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| نمایندگی توصیفی؛ نمایندگی متناسب؛ نخبگان سیاسی؛ مجلس؛ تحلیل طبقاتی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Sociological Analysis of Proportionality in the Representation of Iranian Society: Class and Demographic Dimensions of Representation in Iran After the Islamic Revolution | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Ali Dadgar | ||
| Faculty member University of Tehran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The structure of the society and the composition of political elites have changed significantly in Iran since the 1979 Revolution. Previous research has been less attentive to the relationship between the sociodemographic composition of the society and that of the elected members of the Iranian parliament. The current study utilizes the dataset on the occupational distribution of the general population and that of members of parliament (MPs) in ten parliamentarian cycles from 1980 to 2020. Using state-society relation approaches as well as the cultural reproduction theory, the mechanism of exchange between elites and society in post-revolution Iran are explained. This study observes strong representation of professional and managerial class, which lends partial support to liberal-pluralist theory of state-society relations. Evidence also supports a class-based approach in that the lower class is underrepresented in the parliament, and that education itself is class-based. Dissimilarity index reveals that while ethnic and recognized religious minorities are equally represented, women, Iranian lower occupational groups, and younger age groups are not fairly represented in parliament, which in turn, postulates that the revolutionary ideal of fair representation of various segments of the society, particularly socially disadvantaged groups, has not been fully realized yet in a parliamentary level. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| descriptive representation, political elites, class analysis, political representation, Iran | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
امین فر، مرتضی (1367)، علل و عوامل افت تحصیلی و چگونگی کاهش آن، فصلنامه تعلیم و تربیت، دوره 2، شماره 13 و 14: صفحات 36-9.
بازرگان، زهرا (1387)، تغییر و نوآوری در مدرسه، تهران: انتشارات انجمن اولیاء و مربیان.
دهنوی، حسنعلی (1383)، بررسی پیشینه اجتماعی متقاضیان ورود به آموزش عالی در سال 1382، فصلنامه پژوهش و برنامه ریزی در آموزش عالی، دوره 10، شماره 4 (34): صفحات 123-93.
رادمرد، محمد (1399)، کاربست تئوری الیگارشی نوگرای ادوارد شیلز بر دوره پهلوی دوم 1332ـ1357، مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی (فصلنامه دولت پژوهی) دوره 24، شماره 6: صفحات 72-41.
رحمان زاده هروی، محمد (1398)، دگرگونی طبقه‌های اجتماعی در ایران: از دهه 1340 تا 1397، تهران: نشر اختران.
رفیعی بلداجی، زهره؛ قاسمی، وحید؛ فراستخواه، مقصود و هاشمیان فر، سیدعلی (1399)، تحلیل نقش میانجی‌گری قشربندی آموزش عالی در بازتولید نابرابریهای اجتماعی در بازار کار، جامعه‌شناسی کاربردی، دوره 31، شماره 4: صفحات 22-1.
نوغانی، محسن (1386)، تاثیر نابرابری سرمایه فرهنگی بر موفقیت تحصیلی دانش آموزان پیش دانشگاهی در دست یابی به آموزش عالی، فصلنامه تعلیم و تربیت، دوره 23، شماره 91: صفحات 101-71.
Abazari, Yousef Ali, Abbas Varij Kazemi, and Mehdi Faraji. 2008. "Secularization in Iranian Society." in Media, Culture and Society in Iran: Living with Globalization and the Islamic State, edited by Mehdi Semati. England: Routledge.
Abootalebi, Ali R. 2009. "Iran’s Tenth Presidential Elections: Candidates, Issues, and Implications." Middle East Review of International Affairs 13(3).
Acemoglu, Daron. 2008. "Oligarchic Versus Democratic Societies." Journal of the European Economic Association 6(1):1-44.
Amir Arjomand, Said. 2009. After Khomeini: Iran Under His Successors. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Arnold, Robert. 2015. Intermediate Social Statistics: A Conceptual and Graphic Approach. Ontario, Canada: Oxford University Press.
Ashraf, Ahmad. 1994. "Charisma, Theocracy, and Men of Power in Postrevolutionary Iran." Pp. 101-51 in The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan, edited by Myron Weiner and Ali Banuazizi. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Ashraf, Ahmad, and Ali Banuazizi. 2001. "Iran's Tortuous Path toward Islamic Liberalism." International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 15(2):237-56.
—. 2007. Tabaghat-e Ejtemaie, Dowlat va Enghelab dar Iran (Social Classes, State and Revolution in Iran). Tehran: Niloufar Press.
Audickas, Lukas. 2016. "Social Background of MPs 1979-2015." House of Commons Library.
Bartels, Larry M. 2002. "Economic Inequality and Political Representation." in Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Boston.
Becker, Gary S. 1993. Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Behdad, Sohrab, and Farhad Nomani. 2009. "What a Revolution! Thirty Years of Social Class Reshuffling in Iran." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 29(1):84-104.
Boroujerdi, Mehrzad, and Kourosh Rahimkhani. 2018. Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook. New York: Syracuse University Press.
Borthwick, George, Daniel Ellingworth, Colin Bell, and Donald MacKenzie. 1991. "The Social Background of British MPs." Sociology 25(4):713-17.
Bourdieu, P, and L Boltanski. 1978. "Changes in Social Structure and Changes in the Demand for Education." in Contemporary Europe: Social Structure and Cultural Change, edited by S Giner and M Archer. London: Routledge.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1974. "The School as a Conservative Force: Scholastic and Cultural Inequalities." in Contemporary research in the sociology of education, edited by John Eggleston. London: Methuen.
—. 1977. "Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction." in Power and Ideology in Education, edited by J Karabel and A. H Halsey. New York: Oxford.
—. 1984. Distinction : a social critique of the judgement of taste. USA: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
—. 2006. "The Forms of Capital." Pp. 105–18 in Education, Globalization and Social Change, edited by Hugh Lauder, Phillip Brown, Jo Anne Dillabough, and A. H. Halsey. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bowles, Samuel. 1972. "Schooling and Inequality from Generation to Generation." The Journal of Political Economy 80(3):219-51.
—. 1977. "Unequal Education and the Reproduction of the Social Division of Labor." Pp. 137-53 in Power and Ideology in Education, edited by Jerome Karabel and A. H Halsey. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bowles, Samuel, and Herbert Gintis. 1976. Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life. New York: Basic Books.
—. 2002. "Schooling in Capitalist America Revisited." Sociology of Education 75(1):1-18.
Breen, Richard, Ruud Luijkx, Walter Müller, and Reinhard Pollak. 2010. "Long-Term Trends in Educational Inequality in Europe: Class Inequalities and Gender Differences." European Sociological Review 26(1):31-48.
Carnes, Nicholas, and Noam Lupu. 2015. "Rethinking the Comparative Perspective on Class and Representation: Evidence from Latin America." American Journal of Political Science 59(1):1–18.
Clark, Terry Nichols, and Seymour Martin Lipset. 1991. "Are Social Classes Dying?" International Sociology 6(4):397-410.
Collins, Randall. 2011. "Credential Inflation and the Future of Universities." Italian Journal of Sociology of Education 2:228-51.
Dadgar, Ali. 2013. "Democratization in a Non-Western Setting: Toward a Synthetic Theoretical Framework - The Case of Iran, 1906-1979." in School of Politics and International Relations: University College Dublin.
—. 2018. "CLASS AND POLITICS IN POST-REVOLUTION IRAN: DESCRIPTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVE JUSTICE." in Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminology. Ontario: Canada: University of Windsor.
Dahl, Robert. 1961. Who Governs? : Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Dahl, Robert A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press.
—. 2006. On Political Equality. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
Davis, Kingsley, and Wilbert E Moore. 1944. "Some Principles of Stratification." American Sociological Review 10(2):242-49.
Erikson, Robert, and John H Goldthorpe. 1992. The Constant Flux. A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Erikson, Robert, John H Goldthorpe, Michelle Jackson, Meir Yaish, and D.R. Cox. 2005. "On Class Differentials in Educational Attainment." Pp. 9730-33: National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
Fereshtian, Hassan. 2003. "A Comparison between the Constitutional Council of France and the Guardian Council of Iran." The Islamic State Quarterly 30:113-26.
Filc, Dani. 2019. "Populism in the Middle East." Pp. 385-401 in Routledge Handbook of Global Populism, edited by C De la Torre. London: Routledge.
Goldthorpe, John H. 2001. "Class and Politics in Advanced Industrial Societies." Pp. 105-20 in Breakdown of Class Politics: A Debate of Post-Industrial Stratification, edited by Terry Nicholas Clark and Seymour Martin Lipset. Washington D. C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Goldthorpe, John H, and Gordon Marshall. 1992. "The Promising Future of Class Analysis: A Response to Recent Critiques." Sociology 26(3):381-400.
Guppy, Neil. 1984. "Access to Higher Education in Canada." The Canadian Journal of Higher Education 14(3):79-93.
Guppy, Neil, Sabrina Freeman, and Shari Buchan. 1987. "Representing Canadians: Changes in the Economic Backgrounds of Federal Politicians, 1965-1984." Canadian Review of Sociology & Anthropology 24(3):417-30.
Guppy, Neil, Paulina D Mikicich, and Ravi Pendakur. 1984. "Changing Patterns of Educational Inequality in Canada." The Canadian Journal of Sociology 9(3):319-31.
Hickey, Sam, and Sarah Bracking. 2005. "Exploring the Politics of Chronic Poverty: From Representation to a Politics of Justice?" World Development 33(6):851-65.
Hobbs, Graham. 2016. "Explaining Social Class Inequalities in Educational Achievement in the UK: Quantifying the Contribution of Social Class Differences in School Effectiveness." Oxford Review of Education 42(1):16-35.
Hout, Mike, Clem Brooks, and Jeff Manza. 1999. "The Persistence of Classes in Post-industrial Societies." in Debates on Social Inequality: Class, Gender and Ethnicity in Canada, edited by M Reza Nakhaie. Canada: Harcourt Brace.
Hunter, Paul, and Dan Holden. 2015. "Who Governs Britain: a Profile of MPs in the 2015 Parliament." UK: The Smith Institute.
Jusko, Karen Long. 2008. "The Political Representation of the Poor." in Department of Political Science. United States: University of Michigan.
Kazemipur, Abdolmohammad, and Ali Rezaei. 2003. "Religious Life under Theocracy: The Case of Iran." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42(3):347-61.
Khalaji, Mehdi. 2016. "The Shiite Clergy Post-Khamenei: Balancing Authority and Autonomy." The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 37.
Kurzman, Charles. 2004. The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Maloney, Suzanne. 2015. Iran's Political Economy since the Revolution. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Marginson, Simon. 2019. "Limitations of Human Capital Theory." Studies in Higher Education 44(2):287-301.
Miliband, Ralph. 1969. The State in Capitalist Society. New York: Basic Books.
Mirashrafi, Bagher, Georg Bol, and Gholamreza Nakhaiezadeh. 2013. "The Effect of Family Background and Socioeconomic Status on Academic Performance of Higher Education Applicants." International Journal of Technology and Inclusive Education (IJTIE) 2(1).
Mirashrafi, Bagher, Ebrahim Khodaie, and Ehsan Jamali. 2016. "Family Background and Socioeconomic Status Effects on Educational Performances by Data Mining Methods: A Case Study in Iran." International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary Subjects in Education (IJCDSE) 7(1).
Moaddel, Mansoor. 1989. "State-Centered vs. Class-Centered Perspectives on International Politics: The Case of U.S. and British Participation in the 1953 Coup Against Premier Mosaddeq in Iran." Studies in Comparative international Development 24(2):3-23.
Nakhaie, Reza. 1996. "The Reproduction of Class Relations by Gender in Canada." The Canadian Journal of Sociology 21(4):523-58.
Nash, Roy. 1990. "Bourdieu on Education and Social and Cultural Reproduction." British Journal of Sociology of Education 11(4):431-47.
Nemati, Leila. 2013. "Does Other Countries Has Similar Institutions to the Guardian Council?". The Guardian Council Official Website.
Nisbet, Robert A. 1959. "The Decline and Fall of Social Class." The Pacific Sociological Review 2(1):11-17.
Nomani, Farhad, and Sohrab Behdad. 2006. Class and Labor in Iran: Did the Revolution Matter? New York: Syracuse University Press.
Owens, Chris. T. 2005. "Black Substantive Representation in State Legislatures from 1971-1994." Social Science Quarterly 86(4):779-91.
Pakulski, Jan, and Malcom Waters. 2008. "The Death of Class." in Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, edited by David Grusky. Colorado,United States: Westview Press.
Phillips, Anne. 1995. The Politics of Presence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley University of California Press.
Poulantzas, Nicos. 1975. Classes in Contemporary Capitalism. London: New Left Books.
Rakel, Eva Patricia. 2009. "The Political Elite in the Islamic Republic of Iran: From Khomeini to Ahmadinejad." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 29(1):105-25.
Rashidvash, Vahid. 2013. "Iranian People: Iranian Ethnic Groups." International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 3(15):216-26.
Regulations of the Majles Election. 2011. "Ghavanin-e Entekhabat-e Majles Shoraye Eslami (The Regulations of the Islamic Consultative Majles)." The Department of Election Affairs of the Guardian Council.
Schultz, Theodore W. 1971. Investment in Human Capital: The Role of Education and Research. New York: The Free Press.
Skocpol, Theda. 1982. "Rentier State and Shi'a Islam in the Iranian Revolution." Theory and Society 11:265-83.
Statistical Centre of Iran. 2014. "Natayej-e Amargiri Nirouy-e Kaar (The Manpower Survey Result)." Tehran: SCI.
Tan, Emrullah. 2014. "Human Capital Theory: A Holistic Criticism." Review of Educational Research 84(3):411-45.
Thompson, Ron. 2016. "Understanding Classbased Inequalities in Education: Rational Action Theories of Educational Decision Making." in Society for Research into Higher Education (SRHE) Annual Conference. Celtic Manor, England.
United Nations. 2016. Statistical Yearbook. New York: Nations Unies.
Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Wauters, Bram. 2010. "Bringing Class (Back) in: Methodological Reflections on Social Class and Representation." Representation 46(2):183-95.
Wright, Erik Olin. 1980. "Class and Occupation." Theory and Society 9(1):177-214.
—. 1985. Classes. London: New Left Books.
—. 2005. "Conclusion: If Class Is the Answer, What Is the Question?" in Approaches to Class Analysis, edited by Erik Olin Wright. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Young, Lisa. 1998. "Electoral Systems and Representative Legislatures." Canadian Parliamentary Affairs 21(3):12-14. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 149 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 113 |
||