سامانه پشتیبانی خدمات اطلاعات

  اخبار و اعلانات

 آمار

تعداد نشریات158
تعداد شماره‌ها6,225
تعداد مقالات67,685
تعداد مشاهده مقاله114,994,955
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله89,666,121
ساعدموچشی, امیر. (1400). پرسش‌ها و خلأهای مطالعاتی عصر آهن اولیه در زاگرس مرکزی: تحلیلی بر فعالیت های صورت گرفته. , 13(1), 65-90. doi: 10.22059/jarcs.2020.300093.142861
امیر ساعدموچشی. "پرسش‌ها و خلأهای مطالعاتی عصر آهن اولیه در زاگرس مرکزی: تحلیلی بر فعالیت های صورت گرفته". , 13, 1, 1400, 65-90. doi: 10.22059/jarcs.2020.300093.142861
ساعدموچشی, امیر. (1400). 'پرسش‌ها و خلأهای مطالعاتی عصر آهن اولیه در زاگرس مرکزی: تحلیلی بر فعالیت های صورت گرفته', , 13(1), pp. 65-90. doi: 10.22059/jarcs.2020.300093.142861
ساعدموچشی, امیر. پرسش‌ها و خلأهای مطالعاتی عصر آهن اولیه در زاگرس مرکزی: تحلیلی بر فعالیت های صورت گرفته. , 1400; 13(1): 65-90. doi: 10.22059/jarcs.2020.300093.142861

پرسش‌ها و خلأهای مطالعاتی عصر آهن اولیه در زاگرس مرکزی: تحلیلی بر فعالیت های صورت گرفته

مطالعات باستان شناسی
مقاله 4، دوره 13، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 25، خرداد 1400، صفحه 65-90    اصل مقاله (586.09 K)
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jarcs.2020.300093.142861
نویسنده
امیر ساعدموچشی*
استادیار دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
در نوشته حاضر سعی شده تا با یافته­ های باستان­ شناسی عصر آهن اولیه (I و II) زاگرس مرکزی به نقایص مطالعاتی آن پرداخته شود و با ارزیابی آن و نیز در نظر گرفتن نظریات پژوهشگران مختلف در این حوزه به ذکر تناقضات، کاستی­ ها و پرسش­ های مطرح شده ارائه ­شود. ارزیابی مطالعات انجام شده دال بر این است که مطالعات اولیه عصر آهن غالباً در مورد سبک ­شناسی اشیائی بوده که به منطقه لرستان منتسب شده و چهارچوب گاهنگارانه، زمان شروع عصر آهن، شناسایی مواد فرهنگی این دوره، تفکیک فازهای مختلف از هم و شناسایی نوع روابط زاگرس مرکزی با مناطق اطراف را به خوبی نشان نمی­ دهد. مشکلاتی چون بومی بودن مواد فرهنگی عصر آهن، تناقض در گاهنگاری، تعمیم نظریات دیگر مناطق به داده­ های این ناحیه، انقطاع در پژوهش ­های هدفمند، نبود محوطه­ های متعدد کاوش شده، استاندارد پایین کاوش­ ها در گذشته و وجود تناقضات در آنها، اتکا بر داده­ های به دست آمده از قبرستان، عدم انتشار نتایج بررسی­ها، کاوش­ ها و عدم استفاده از علوم میان رشته­ ایی از دیگر معضلات این دوره در زاگرس مرکزی است. نتایج حاصله نشان می­ دهد که برای درک بهتر از این مسائل باید پژوهش­ های میدانی پرسش محور در این منطقه صورت گیرد و در کنار آن برای تحلیل مناسب از یافته­ های قدیمی، مطالعات آزمایشگاهی و میان رشته ­ایی را مدنظر قرار داد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
"عصر آهن اولیه" "زاگرس مرکزی" "پرسش‌ها و کاستی‌ها"
عنوان مقاله [English]
A Review on the Early Iron Age in Central Zagros
نویسندگان [English]
Amir Saedmucheshi
Assistant Professor, Department of Art and Architecture, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran,Iran.
چکیده [English]
In this article, by analyzing the research activities conducted in the Central Zagros region in the Iron Age, the shortcomings, contradictions, questions and theories have been expressed, and in addition to presenting the general framework of previous researches, they have been criticized and analyzed. For this purpose, past and current published activities as well as some unpublished reports have been considered. This can be useful in identifying future research priorities. The transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the Central Zagros is largely unknown, and in archaeological excavations in this area, due to lack of accurate stratigraphic excavations, terms such as Iron Age I, II and III cannot be used for its different areas. Therefore, in this article, the general term of the Early Iron Age for Iron Age I and II is used.The Central Zagros region has long been interesting to archaeologists. The French geologist Jacques de Morgan visited the Luristan region in the 19th century and identified many sites. Ernst Herzfeld in the early years of the twentieth century surveyed many areas of the Zagros region and identified Tepe Giyan in the county of Nehavand. This site was later excavated by G. Contenau and R. Ghirshman. Stein conducted archaeological research in Luristan and excavated several Iron Age tombs in Hulailan and Badawar. Almost at the same time as Stein, the Holmes expedition was one of the teams that conducted archaeological studies in the Luristan region under Schmidt’s direction. In 1934 and 1935, he conducted archaeological surveys and excavations in Luristan, and in 1938, he excavated Surkh Dum for three weeks; this site is highly important for reasons such as being a settlement land and having hundreds of different objects. Sites such as Kamtarlan, Chigha Sabz and Surkh Dum were excavated during performing this research. A review of the research background conducted in the Central Zagros region indicates that the excavations were scattered and non-purposeful and at first, more attention was paid to objects. In the early studies of the Iron Age, there was no definite plan, and most of the information obtained was based on individual, and in some cases, incidental research. The lack of necessary standards in excavations has made the problem more complex. Some of the excavations were not fully published or were later conducted by others. These problems are observed in some sites such as Tang-i Hamamlan, Surkh Dum, Cheshmeh Mahi, Tepe Giyan, Khatun Ban, Jameh Shuran, Tepe Guran, Chigha Sabz, and Kamtarlan. The Iron Age in the Central Zagros is often based on studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s. These researches started with scattered studies, and projects related to Luristan bronzes were revived. Attempts to identify bronze makers as well as their stylistics, and their geographical origin were among the reasons for focusing on Iron Age activities in the Central Zagros. Previous scattered studies were mostly based on the stylistics of objects. In the following decades, Luristan bronzes were strongly considered, and the research teams of the Danish in Hulailan, the British team in Delfan (Dilfan), and the Belgian delegation in Pusht-i Kuh (Ilam Province) conducted extensive studies in this field. In the 1970s and 1980s, during the Godin project, valuable surveys and excavations were conducted, based on which a purposeful approach on chronology, settlement patterns, comparison to the Bronze Age, and connections of the Central Zagros to other regions were considered. Nevertheless, problems, such as separation of Iron Age I and II phases from each other, involvement of theories in the north of the Central Plateau in the Central Zagros region, and uncertainty of the period of some pottery traditions like Elamite/Kassite goblets are among its shortcomings. It should also be noted that this study did not cover all parts of the Central Zagros. Clare Goff's research in the 1970s considerably contributed to the understanding of the Iron Age in the Luristan region. The excavations of Louis Vanden Berghe in Pusht-i Kuh led to excavation of 11 Early Iron Age cemeteries, which have been thoroughly investigated in the chronology of objects obtained from this area. The Danish excavation in Tepe Guran had a good sequence, but the speed of the excavation and the lack of phasing have somewhat reduced the quality of the work.The timing of the use of iron metal, either as a decoration or as a public tool in the Central Zagros, has not been precisely determined. Among the findings of Iron Age I, currently there is no conclusive evidence, and the beginning of this phase is based more on pottery changes. In the studies of this area, the emergence of gray Gray Ware as well as Kassite/Elamite pottery and the end of Godin III pottery tradition is regarded as the beginning of the Iron Age. Lack of gray pottery in all areas of the Central Zagros as an indicator, contradiction at the beginning of the Iron Age, existence of different traditions such as the difference between Pish-i Kuh and Pusht-i Kuh, and lack of separation of pottery from settlement sites with cemeteries are among the challenges of this phase. This complexity is intensified in Iron Age II, so that it is not presently possible to distinguish between this phase and the previous phase. Although pottery has been introduced as Iron Age II, firstly, these samples exhibit regional differences and secondly, their start, end or phasing time is unknown. Among the types of gray pottery, no distinction can be made between Iron Age I and II pottery. Based on surveys and excavations of cemeteries in this period, we encounter a decrease in settlement or a change in settlements, and our evidence from this period is more incomplete than that of the previous period. In general, , lack of a chronological framework for its various regions, scattered surveys, lack of standards in excavations, or long delays in the publication of reports, are among the problems in the Central Zagros region. Additionally, inadequate recording, different interpretations, lack of separation of the different phases of the Iron Age, imposing theories on data, paying attention to objects and neglecting details like architecture, and not paying sufficient attention to the findings of northern Mesopotamia are other problems. Furthermore, uncertainty of the beginning of the Iron Age in different parts of the Central Zagros, lack of detailed study of economic, technological and political changes from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, uncertainty of the impact of atmospheric factors on sites, ambiguity of the Central Zagros association with the Ilam civilization and lack of accurate excavation in areas covering all phases of this period are among the other problems. Moreover, insufficient knowledge of Luristan bronzes and unknown details such as manufacturers, production centers, accurate stylistics, and time of their production are other shortcomings of the Iron Age of the Central Zagros region. To start research activities in the Central Zagros region, considering these shortcomings, we need purposeful, long-term, question-based projects using interdisciplinary studies.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Early Iron Age, Central Zagros, Questions and Shortcomings
مراجع
اورلت، برونو، (1392)، عصر آهن اولیه در پشت­کوه لرستان، ترجمه کمال­الدین نیکنامی و امیر ساعدموچشی، تهران: سمت.

حسن­پور، عطا، ملکزاده، مهرداد، (1398)، سنگتراشان خرم­آباد از پس شش فصل کاوش باستان­شناختی، مجموعه مقالات همایش بین­المللی عصر آهن در غرب ایران و مناطق همجوار، ویراسته یوسف حسن­زاده، علی­اکبر وحدتی و زاهد کریمی، تهران: پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری، جلد اول، صص: 151-174.

حیدریان، محمود، (1392)، «تحلیل نقش عوامل طبیعی در توزیع فضایی استقرارهای پیش ازتاریخی دشت سنقر»، پژوهش­های باستان­شناسی ایران 4: 139-152.

رفیعی­علوی، بابک، (1398)، پیشنهادی برای آغاز عصر آهن در نیمۀ غربی فلات ایران از دیدگاه مطالعات باستان­شناسی ایلام، مجموعه مقالات همایش بین­المللی عصر آهن در غرب ایران و مناطق همجوار، ویراسته یوسف حسن­زاده، علی­اکبر وحدتی و زاهد کریمی، تهران: پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری، جلد اول: 438-455.

ساعدموچشی، امیر، (1394)، گزارش کاوش نجات­بخشی محوطه سرچم روستای روآر، شهرستان سروآباد، استان کردستان، تهران، آرشیو پژوهشکده باستان­شناسی، (منتشر نشده).

سیدسجادی، سیدمنصور و سامانی، نوروزعلی ، (1378)، گزارش یک فصل کاوش در تپه نورآباد، لرستان، باستان­شناسی و هنر ایران: 32 مقاله در بزرگداشت عزت­الله نگهبان، به کوشش عباس علیزاده، یوسف مجیدزاده و صادق ملک­شهمیرزادی، تهران، مرکز نشر دانشگاهی: 85-130.

شریفی، فرشته و زینی­وند، محسن، (1398)، شناسایی و بررسی باستان­شناسی دشت قروه، کردستان، گزارش­های هفدهمین گردهمایی سالانه باستان­شناسی ایران، جلد دوم، تهران: پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری، صص: 735-741.

شهبازی، سیاوش، (1385)، تبیین گاهنگاری پیش از تاریخ دشت سیمره، گزارشهای باستان­شناسی 8، مجموعه مقالات همایش بین­المللی باستان­شناسی ایران: جنوب غرب ایران، پژوهشکده باستان­شناسی ایران: 69-106.

طلایی، حسن، (1387)، عصر آهن ایران، تهران، سمت.

علی­بیگی، سجاد و بریش، نیکول، (1398)، گزارش فصل نخست کاوش باستان­شناختی دانشگاه رازی و دانشگاه کپنهاگ در تپه خیبر روانسر، استان کرمانشاه، گزارشهای هفدهمین گردهمایی سالانه باستان­شناسی ایران، جلد دوم، تهران: پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری: 924-930.

علی­بیگی، سجاد، (1394)، گزارش بررسی باستان­شناختی منطقه سرپل ذهاب (قطعات 4-10) طرح گرمسیری، آرشیو پژوهشکده باستان­شناسی، (منتشر نشده).

عودباشی، امید، حسن­پور، عطا و ملکزاده، مهرداد، (1392)، مطالعات فلزگری کهن در محوطه سنگ­تراشان لرستان، هزاره اول پ.م، مجموعه مقالات همایش بین­المللی باستان­شناسان جوان، ویراسته کمال­الدین نیکنامی، تهران: موسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهران: 633-644.

قسیمی، طاهر، اکبری مسعود، قسیمی آکام، قدری محمدرضا، بحرالعلومی شاپورآبادی فرانک، سادات عظیمی مولود، عزیزی اقبال، (1398)، کاوش نجات­بخشی گور عصر آهنی روآر، حوزه رودخانه سیروان، هورامان، کردستان، مجموعه مقالات همایش بین­المللی عصر آهن در غرب ایران و مناطق همجوار، ویراسته یوسف حسن­زاده، علی­اکبر وحدتی و زاهد کریمی، تهران: پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری، جلد اول: 63-85.

لوین، لویس، (1381)، «عصر آهن» در باستان­شناسی غرب ایران، ویرایش فرانک هول، ترجمه زهرا باستی، تهران، سمت: 448-496.

ماسکارلا، ا.وایت، (1383)، «شمال غرب ایران در گذر از عصر مفرغ به آهن»، ترجمه علی­اکبر وحدتی، باستان­پژوهی، شماره 12: 62-74.

مدودسکایا، ا. وایت، (1384)،  ایران در عصر آهن I، ترجمه علی­اکبر وحدتی، تهران: سازمان میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری.مظاهری، خداکرم و علی­بیگی، سجاد، (1393)، «بررسی مسأله پیدایش ساغرهای سفالی اوایل عصر آهن در تپه گوران، دره هلیلان»، پیام باستان­شناس 22: 15-32.مظاهری، خداکرم، (1392)، «عصر آهن I: تنوع سنت­های سفالگری در زاگرس مرکزی»، پژوهش­های باستان­شناسی مدرس، سال پنجم، شماره نهم: 69-81.

موسوی­حاجی، سیدرسول، بهرامی، محمد و سجادیف علی، (1393)، «شواهدی از وجود دژی مروبط به ایالت الیپی در لایه­های زیرین قلعه فلک­الافلاک خرم آباد، لرستان»، پژوهشهای باستان­شناسی ایران 7: 81-94.نقشینه، امیرصادق، (1383)، «طبقه­بندی کوزه­های لوله­دار عصر آهن و پراکندگی مکانی و زمانی آنها»، پیام باستان­شناس، سال اول، شماره اول: 35-52.یانگ، کایلر، (1373)، «بازنگری عصر آهن ایران: نظریاتی مقدماتی برای ارزیابی عقاید پیشین»، ترجمه کامیار عبدی، میراث فرهنگی 12: 237-249.

یانگ، کایلر، (1382)، «بررسی عصر آهن کنگاور»، ترجمه رقیه رحیمی، گزارشهای باستان­شناسی 2: 305-316.

Alibaigi. S. 2015. Preliminary report of Archaeological Survey in Sarpol-e-Zahab region, parts 4-10 of tropical plan. Unpublished report. Tehran. ICAR. [In Persian].

Alibaigi. S. and Brisch. N. 2020. First season of Excavation at Tapeh Kheibar, Rawansar- Kermanshah. Proceedings of the 17th annual archaeological Symposium of Iran, pp. 924-930. ICAR, RICHT, Tehran. [In Persian].

Altaweel. M. Marsh. A. Mühl. S. Nieuwenhuyse. O. Radner. K. Rasheed. K. and Saber. A. 2012. New investigations in the environment, history and archaeology of the Iraq hilly flanks: Shahrizor survey project 2009-2011. Iraq 74: 1-35.

Amelirad. Sh. Overlaet. B. and Haerinck. E. 2012. The Iron Age“Zagros graveyard” near Sanandaj (Iranian Kurdistan): preliminary report on the first season. Iranica Antiqua 47: 41-99.

Brown. T.B. 1951. Excavations in Azarbaijan, 1948. London.

Clayden. T. 1992. Kish in the Kassite period (c. 1650-1150 B.C.). Iraq 54: 141-155.

Contenau. G. Ghirshman. R. 1935. Fouilles du Tépé – Giyan Prés de Néhavend 1931- 1932. Librarie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner. Ruevavin (VI).

Curtis. J. 2002. The Evidence for Assyrian Presence in Western Iran. Sumer LI (1-2): 32-37.

Curvers. H.H. 1989a. Bronze Age pottery and baked clay objects. The Holmes expeditions to Luristan. Chicago, University of Chicago: 131-178.

Curvers. H.H. 1989b. Iron Age pottery and baked clay objects. The Holmes expeditions to Luristan. Chicago. University of Chicago: 229-244.

Curvers. H.H. 1989c. Iron Age cast metal objects. The Holmes expeditions to Luristan. Chicago, University of Chicago. Chapter 27: 255-320.

Curvers. H.H. 1989d. Iron Age stone objects, The Holmes expeditions to Luristan. Chicago, University of Chicago: 351-362.

Danti. M. 2013a. The Late Bronze and early Iron Age in northwesren Iran. In: Potts, D. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran. Oxford & New York: 327-76.

Danti. M. 2013b. Hasanlu V: The Late Bronze and Iron I Periods. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.

De Morgan. J. 1896. Mission scientifique en perse. Vol. IV. Recherches archéologiques. Paris: Ernest Leroux.

Dittman. R. 1996. From the third millennium to the seventh century BC. History of humanity. Vol. II. In: Dani A.H. and Mohen, J. P. (eds.), Routledge: 224-231.

Dyson. R.H. Jr. 1968. The archaeological evidence of the second millennium B.C on the Persian Plateau. Cambridge Ancient History Fascicle, Vol. II. Chapter XVI. Cambridge.

Dyson. R.H.. Jr. 1989. The Iron Age architecture at Hasanlu: An Essay. Expedition 31(2-3): 107-27.

Edwards. M. 1986. Urmia Ware" and its distribution in north-western Iran in the second millennium B.C: A review of the results of excavations and surveys. Iran 34: 57-78.

Fleming S.J. Pigott. V.C. Swann. C.P. and Nash. S.K. 2005. Bronze in Luristan: preliminary analytical evidence from copper/bronze artifacts excavated by the Belgian Mission in Iran. Iranica Antiqua 40: 35-64.

Frame. L. 2010. Metallurgical investigations at Godin Tepe. Iran. Part I: the metal finds. Journal of Archaeological Science 37 (7): 1700-1715.

Ghasimi. T. Akbari. M. Ghasimi. A. Qaderi. M. Bahrololoumi Shapurabadi. F. Azimi. M. and E. Azizi. 2019. Salvage excavation in an Iron Age tomb at Ruwar in the Sirwan River area, Hawraman, Kurdistan. In: Hassanzadeh. Y. Vahdati. A.A and Karimi. Z. (eds.). Proceeednigs of the International Conference on the Iron Age in western Iran ans neighbouring regions. Vol. 1. 2-3 Novomber 2019. Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism, National Museum of Iran and Kurdistan Privince ICHHTO. Kurdistan University. Iran. 63-85. [In Persian].

Godard. A. 1931. Les Bronzes du Luristan. Paris.

Goff. C.M. 1968. Lūristān in the first half of the First Millennium B.C, A preliminary report on the first seasonʼs excavations at Bābājan and associated surveys in the Eastern Pish-i-Kūh. Iran 6: 105-134.

Goff. C.M. 1969. Excavations at Biba Jan 1967: Second Preliminary Report. Iran 7: 115-130.

Goff. C.M. 1970. Excavations at BabaJan: Third Preliminary Report. Iran 8: 141-156.

Goff. C.M. 1971. Luristan before the Iron Age. Iran 9: 131-152.

Goff. C.M. 1977. Excavations at Baba Jan: The Architecture of the East Mound. Levels II and III. Iran 15: 103-140.

Goff. C.M. 1978. Excavations at Baba Jan: The pottery and metal from levels III and II. Iran 16: 29-66.

Goff. C.M. 1985. Excavations at Baba Jan: the architecture and pottery of level I. Iran 23: 1-20.

Haerinck. E. and Overlaet. B. 2010. Bronze and Iron Age pottery from the Ilam graveyard (Pusht-I Kuh. Iran). Iranica Antiqua 45: 277-304.

Haerinck. E. and Overlaet. B. and Jaffar-Muhammand. Z. 2004. Finds from Khatunban B-Badvar valley (Luristan) in the Iran Bastan Museum. Teheran. Iranica Antiqua 39: 105-168.

Hasanpour, A and Malekzadeh, M. 2019. Sangtarashan after six seasons of archaeological excavations. In: Hassanzadeh. Y. Vahdati. A.A and Karimi. Z. (eds.). Proceeednigs of the International Conference on the Iron Age in western Iran ans neighbouring regions. Vol. 1. 2-3 Novomber 2019. Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism, National Museum of Iran and Kurdistan Privince ICHHTO. Kurdistan University. Iran. 151-174. [In Persian].

Heidarian. M. Analyzing the role of natural factors in special distribution of prehistoric sites of Sonqor plain. Pazhohesh-ha-ye Bastanshenasi Iran 4: 139-152. [In Persian].

Henrickson. R.C. 1983-84. Giyan I and II Reconsidered. Mesopotamia 18-19: 195-220.

Henrickson. R.C. 1986. A regional perspective on Godin III cultural development in central western Iran. Iran 24: 1-55.

Henrickson. R.C. 2011. The Godin Period III Town. on the High road. The history of Godin Tepe. Iran. In: Gopnik H. and Rothman. M. (eds.), Costa Mesa. CA: Mazda: 209-82.

Herzfeld. E. 1941. Iran in the Ancient East. London.

Howell. R. 1979 Survey of the Malayer plain. Iran 17: 156-157.

Jafari. M.J. 2013. Reoprt of the seasons of archaeological excavation at Lama Cemetery. Iran. Iranian Archaeology 4: 58-77.

Kroll. S. 2005. The southern Urmia basin in the early Iron Age. Iranica Antiqua 40: 65-85.

Levine. L.D. 1971. The Iron Age revealed. Expedition 13. 3-4: 39-43.

Levine. L.D. 1974. Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian Zagros II. Iran 12: 99-124.

Levine. L.D. 1976. The Mahidasht Project. Iran 14: 160-161.

Levine. L.D. 2002. The Iron Age. In: F. Hole. (ed.). The Archaeology of Western Iran, translated by Z. Basti. Tehran. Samt: 448-496. [In Persian].

Magee. P. 1997. The Iranian Iron Age and the chronology of settlement in southeastern Arabia. Iranica Antiqua 32: 91-108.

Maleki. Y. 1964. Une fouille en Luristan. Iranica Antiqua 4: 1-35.

Malekzadeh. M. Hasanpour. A. and Hashemi. Z. 2017. Fouilles (2005-2006) à Sangtarashan, Luristan, Iran. Iranica Antiqua 52: 61-158.

Maras. S. 2005. Notes on seals and seal use in western Iran from c. 900-600 BCE. Iranica Antiqua 40: 133-147.

Mazaheri. K. and Alibaigi. S. 2015. Study of the Appearance of Pottery Goblets in the Early Iron Age at Tepe Guran, Hulailan Valley. Payam-e Bastanshenas 22: 15-32. [In Persian].

Mazaheri. Kh. 2013. Iron Age I: The Variety of Pottery Traditions in Central Zagros. Modares Archaeological Research 9: 69-81. [In Persian].

Medvedskaya. I. 1999. Media and its neighbours I: The localization of Ellip. Iranica Antiqua 34: 53-70.

Medvedskaya. I. N. 2005. Iran: Iron Age I; revised edition. Translated by A. A. Vahdati. Tehran. ICAR. [In Persian].

Meldgaard. J. Mortensen. P. and Thrane. H. 1963. Excavation at Tepeh Guran, Luristan. Acta Archaeologica 34: 97–133.

Miroschedji. P.D. 2003. Susa and the Highlands. Major Trends in the History of Elamite Civilization. In: Miller, N and Kamyar, A. (eds.), Yeki bud yeki nabud: Essays on the Archaeology of Iran in Honor of William Sumner. Los Angeles: Costen Institute or Archeology Monograph Series 48: 17-38.

Mohammadifar. Y. Mansouri. P. Rezvani. H. 2014. Preliminary report on the salvage Excavation at the Kolàšeg, Guilan-e Gharb of Kermanshah, Iran. Global Journal of Human-Social Social Science 14: 29-48.

Moorey. P.R.S. 1971. Towards a Chronology for the "Luristan Bronzeʺ. Iran 9: 113-130.

Moorey. P.R.S. 1999. The hammered bronzework of Iron Age Luristan (Iran): Problems of chronology and iconography. The Iranian World, essays on Iranian art and archaeology, presented to Ezat O. Negahban. In: Alizadeh, A. Majidzadeh, A. and Malek Shahmirzadi, S. (eds.), Tehran: Iran University Press: 146-157.

Mousavi Haji. S.R. Bahrami. M. and Sajjadi. A. 2015. Some evidence on the existence of Ellipi castel underneath the Falak-o Al Aflak castle, Khorram Abad, Iran. Pazhohesh-ha-ye Bastanshenasi Iran 12: 81-94. [In Persian].

Muscarella. O. W. 2004 (1383). North-western Iran: Bronze Age to Iron Age. Translated by A.A. Vahdati. Bāstānpazhuhi 12: 62-74. [In Persian].

Muscarella. O.W. 1974. The Iron Age at Dinkhah Tepe, Iran. Metropolitan Museum Journal 9: 35-90.

Muscarella. O.W. 1988a. Bronze and Iron, Ancient Near Eastern artifacts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Muscarella. O.W. 1988b. The background to the Luristan bronzes. In: Curtis, J. (ed.), Bronze-working Centre of Western Asia 1000-539 B.C. London: 177-92.

Muscarella. O.W. 1995. Transition to the first millennium B.C. In: Prudence, O.H. Harper, Klengel-Brandt, E. Aruz, J. and Benzel, K. (eds.). Assyrian Origins: Discoveries at Ashur on the Tigris: Antiquities in the Vorderasiatisches Museum. Berlin. NewYork, MetropolitanMuseum of Art: 125-127.

Muscarella. O.W. 2006. The Excavation of Hasanlu: An Archaeological Evaluation. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 342: 69-94.

Muscarlla. O.W. 1981. Surkh Dum at the Metropolitan Museum of Art: a mini-report. Journal of Field Archaeology 8 (3): 327-359.

Naghshineh. A. S. 2004. A Classification of the Spouted Vessels in Iron Age and their Spacial and Temporal Distribution. Payam-e Bastanshenas 1: 35-52.Neumann. J. and Parpola. S. 1987. Climatic Change and the Eleventh-Tenth-Century Eclipse of Assyria and Babylonia. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 46 (3): 161-182.

Overlaet, B. 2013. The early Iron Age in the Pusht-I Kuh, Luristan, Translated by Kamal Aldin Niknami and Amir Saed Mucheshi, Tehran, Samt. [In Persian].

Overlaet. B. 2010. The Iron Age in western Pusht-I Kuh (Ilam Province), Belgian research and Luristan archaeology. Proceedings of the international symposium on Iranian Archaeology: Western region, Archaeological Report (8). Tehran. ICAR: 5-26.

Overlaet. B. 2013. Luristan during the Iron Age. The Oxford handbook of ancient Iran. In: Potts, T. (ed.) : 377-391.

Overlaet. B. and Haerinck. E. 2010. Bronze and Iron Age pottery from the Ilam graveyard (Pusht-I Kuh. Iran). Iranica Antiqua 45: 277-304.

Pigott. V.C. 1981. The adoption of iron in western Iran in the early first millennium B. C: An archaeometallurgicall study. Ph.D Dissertation. Department of Anthropology. University of Pennsylvania.

Rafii Alavi. B. 2019. A suggestion for the beginning of Iron Age in the western part of Iranian Plateau, the view from the Elamite archaeology. In: Hassanzadeh. Y. Vahdati. A.A and Karimi. Z. (eds.). Proceeednigs of the International Conference on the Iron Age in western Iran ans neighbouring regions. Vol. 1. 2-3 Novomber 2019. Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism, National Museum of Iran and Kurdistan Privince ICHHTO. Kurdistan University. Iran. 438-455. [In Persian].

Reade. J.E. 1995. Iran in the Neo-Assyrian period. In Liverani, M., (ed.), Neo-Assyrian Geography, Rome: 31–42.

Reese. D.S. 1989. Treasures from the sea: shells and shell ornaments from Hasanlu IVB. Expedition 31: 80-86.

Rehder. J.E. 1991. The decorated iron swords from Luristan: their material and manufacture. Iran 29: 13-19.

Saed Mucheshi. A. 2015. Rescue excavations at Sar Cham Site, Darian Dam area, Kurdistan Province, western Iran. Unpublished report. Tehran. Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR). [In Persian].

Saed Mucheshi. A. Khalifeh Soltani. S. 2019. Shiran: a submerged Iron Age grave in the Darian dam, Hawraman, Kurdistan. In: Y. Hassanzadeh, Y. and Vahdati, A.A. and Karimi, Z. (eds.), Proceedings of the international conference on the Iron Age in western Iran and neighbouring regions, Tehran: Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism (RICHT). Vol. 2: 215-226.

Sajjadi. A. and Samani. A. 1999. Excavations at Tappeh Nourabad, Lurestan. In:  A. Alizadeh. Y. Majidzadeh and S. Malek Shahmirzadi. (eds.). The Iranian World; Essays on Iranian Art and Archaeology. Iran University Press: 85-130. [In Persian].

Schmidt. E.F. 1938. The second Holmes expedition to Luristan. Bulletin of the American Institute for Persian Art and Archaeology 6: 205-216.

Schmidt. E.F. and van Loon. N.M. 1989. The 1934 and 1935 surveys, The Holmes expeditions to Luristan. Chicago, University of Chicago: 9-12.

Schmidt. F.E. 1989. The first Holmes expedition to Luristan: a summary, The Holmes expeditions to Luristan. Chicago, The University of Chicago: 1-7.

Shahbazi. S. 2012. The prehistoric chronology of the Seimare plain. Archaeological Reports 8. Tehran. Iranian Center for Archaeological Research: 69-106. [In Persian].

Sharifi. F. 2020. The archaeology survey of Qurveh plain, Kurdistan province. Proceedings of the 17th annual archaeological Symposium of Iran, pp. 735-741. ICAR, Research Institute of Cultural Heritage & Tourism (RICHT), Tehran. [In Persian].

Soto-Riesle. P. and Dastugue J. 1983. The population of the Konamazan region of Luristan in the Late Bronze Age and in the Iron Period. East and West 33 (1/4): 177-216.

Stein. A. 1940. Old routes of western Iran. London.

Stronach. D. 1978. Tepe Nush-i Jan. Iran 16: 195.

Stronach. D. and Roaf. M. 1978. Excavations at Tepe Nush-I Jan, part I, A third interim report. Iran 16: 1-28.

Talai. H. 2008. The Iron Age of Iran. Tehran. Samt. [In Persian].

Thrane, H. 1970b. Recent archaeological investigations of protohistoric Luristan, Actes du VIIe Congrès UISPP, Prague 1966: 124–7. Prague.

Thrane. H. 1964. Archaeological investigations in western Luristan, preliminary report of the second Danish archaeological expedition to Iran. Acta Archaeologica 15: 153-169.

Thrane. H. 1965. Archaeological investigations in western Luristan, Acta Archaeologica 35: 153–68.

Thrane. H. 1968. Bronzerne fra Luristan-og et dansk pionerarbeide. Nationlmuseets Arbeidsmark: 5-26.

Thrane. H. 1970a. Tepe Guran and the Luristan bronzes. Archaeology 23 (1): 26-35.

Thrane. H. 1999. Pots and peoples–once again. The goblets from the Bronze Age settlement at Tepe Guran, Luristan. Iranica Antiqua 34: 21-40.

Thrane. H. 2001. Tepe Guran in Luristan, the Bronze Age and Iron Age periods, Moesgaard, (with contributions by J. Clutton-Brock. J. Balslev Jørgensen and Verner Alexandersen), Jutland Archaeological Society Publications Vol. 38.

Udbashi. O. Hasanpour. A. and M. Malekzadeh. 2014. Archaeometallurgic Studies at Sangtarashan Site, Lorestan, 1st Millenium Plain. In: K. A. Niknami (ed.). Proceednigs of the International Congress of Young Archaeologists. 27-29 October 2014. University of Tehran. Iran. 633-644. [In Persian].

Van Loon. N.M. 1989. Gar Zore. The Holmes expeditions to Luristan. Chicago. The University of Chicago: 13.

Van Loon. N.M. and Curvers. H.H. 1989. Conclutions. The Holmes expeditions to Luristan. Chicago. The University of Chicago: 485-492.

Vanden Berghe. L. 1959. Archéologie de lʹIran Ancien. Leiden.

Vanden Berghe. L. 1968. Het Archaeologisch onderzoek naar de bronscultuur van Luristan, opgravingen in Pusht-I Kuh. I, Kalwali en War Kabud (1965 en 1966), avec un résumé français: Les recherches archéologiques dans le Luristan, fouilles dans le Pusht-I Kuh I, Kalwali et War Kabud (1965v et 1966), Brussel.

Vanden Berghe. L. 1971. Excavation in Pusht-i Kuh (Iran) tombs provinde evidence on dating ″Typical Luristan Bronzes″. Archaeology 24 (3): 263-271.

Vanden Berghe. L. 1973. La chronologie de la civilization des bronzes du Pusht-i Kuh, Luristan, Proceedings of the 1st. Annual symposium of archaeological research in Iran, Teheran: 1-6.

Wilkinson. T.J. 2003. Archaeological survey and long-term population ternds in upper Mesopotamia and Iran. In: Miller, N and Kamyar, A. (eds.), Yeki bud yeki nabud: Essays on the Archaeology of Iran in Honor of William Sumner. Los Angeles: Costen Institute or Archeology Monograph Series 48: 17-38.

Young. T. C. 1994. Early Iron Age Iran Revisited: Preliminary suggestion for the Re-analysis of old constructs. Translated by K. Abdi. Mirase Farhangi 12: 237-249. [In Persian].

Young. T. C. 2004. The Kangavar survey, the Iron Age. In: H. Fahimi. (ed.). Translated by R. Rahimi Sorkhani. Archaeological Reports 2. ICAR: 305-316. [In Persian].Young. T.C. 1965. Comparative Ceramic Cronology for Western Iran, 1500-500 b.c. Iran 13: 53-85.

Young. T.C. 1966. Survey in western Iran. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 25 (4): 228-239.

Young. T.C. 1967. The Iranian migration into the Zagros. Iran 5: 11-34.

Young. T.C. 1969. Excavations at Godin Tepe: First Progress Report. Royal Ontario Museum, Art and Archaeology, Occasional Paper 17, Ontario: Royal Ontario Museum.

Young. T.C. 1975. An archaeology survey of the Kangāvar valley. In: Bagherzadeh, F. (ed.), Proceedings of the IIIrd Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran, Tehran, 1974: 23-30.

Young. T.C. and Levine. L.D. 1974. Excavations at Godin Project: Second Progress Report. Occasional Paper 26, Royal Ontario Art and Archaeology, Toronto: Royal Ontario.

آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 691
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 412


سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب