نقش اثر حقیقت خیالی در باورپذیری خبرهای دروغین فضای مجازی

Allcott, H., and Gentzkow, M. (2017), “Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election (NBER Working Paper No. 23098)”, Retrieved From http:// www.nber.org/papers/w23089.

Alter, A. L., and Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009), “Uniting the Tribes of Fluency to Form a Metacognitive Nation”, Personality and Social Psychology Review, No. 13: 219 –235, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868309341564.

Beck, J. (2017), “This Article Won’t Change Your Mind: the Fact on Why Facts Alone Can’t Fight False Beliefs”, Atlantic, retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/03/this-article-wont-change-your-mind/519093.

Begg, I. M., Anas, A., and Farinacci, S. (1992), “Dissociation of Processes in Belief: Source Recollection, Statement Familiarity, and the Illusion of Truth”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, No. 121: 446 – 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.121.4.446.

Berinsky, A. A. J. (2017), “Rumors andHealth Care Reform: Experiments in Political Misinformation”, British Journal of Political Science, 47: 241–262, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123415000186.

Calvert, D. (2017), The Psychology Behind Fake News: Cognitive Biases Help Explain Our Polarized Media Climate, retrieved from https:// insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/the-psychology-behind-fake- news.

Corlett, P. R., Krystal, J. H., Taylor, J. R., and Fletcher, P. C. (2009), “Why Do Delusions Persist?”, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, No. 3: 12, http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.09.012.2009.

Dechêne, A., Stahl, C., Hansen, J., and Wänke, M. (2010), “The Truth About the Truth: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Truth Effect”, Personality and Social Psychology Review, No. 14: 238 –257, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868309352251.

Diana, R., Yonelinas, A., and Ranganath, C. (2007), “Imaging Recollection and Familiarity in the Medial Temporal Lobe: A Three-Component Model”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, No. 11: 379 –386, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.08.001.

Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N. M., Payne, B. K., and Marsh, E. J. (2015), “Knowledge Does Not Protect Against Illusory Truth”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, No. 144: 993–1002, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ xge0000098.

Flynn, D., Nyhan, B., and Reifler, J. (2017), “The Nature and Origins of Misperceptions: Understanding False and Unsupported Beliefs About Politics”, Advances in Political Psychology, No. 38(S1): 127–150, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pops.12394.

Gabielkov, M., Ramachandran, A., Chaintreau, A., and Legout, A. (2016), “Social Clicks: What and Who Gets Read on Twitter?”, retrieved from http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2901462.

Goldman, R. (2016), “Reading Fake News, Pakistani Minister Directs Nuclear Threat at Israel”, The New York Times, retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/24/world/asia/pakistan-israel- khawaja-asif-fake-news-nuclear.html.

Gottfried, J., and Shearer, E. (2016), “News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2016”, retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/2016/05/26/news-use- across-social-media-platforms-2016.

Johar, G., and Roggeveen, A. (2007), “Changing False Beliefs From Repeated Advertising: the Role of Claim-Refutation Alignment”, Journal of Consumer Psychology, No. 17: 118 –127, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1057-7408(07)70018-9.

Kahan, D. M. (2013), “Ideology, Motivated Reasoning, and Cognitive Reflection”, Judgment and Decision Making, No. 8: 407– 424.

Kahan, D. M. (2017), “Misconceptions, Misinformation, and the Logic of Identity-Protective Cognition”, Cultural Cognition Project Working Paper Series, No. 164: Yale Law School, Public Law Research Paper No. 605; Yale Law and Economics Research Paper No. 575, available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2973067.

Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L. L., Braman, D., and Mandel, G. (2012), “The Polarizing Impact of Science Literacy and Numeracy on Perceived Climate Change Risks”, Nature Climate Change, No. 2: 732–735, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1547.

Lazer, D. M. J., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F.,... Zittrain, J. L. (2018), “The Science of Fake News”, Science, No. 359: 1094 –1096, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998.

Mercier, H., and Sperber, D. (2011), “Why Do Humans Reason? Arguments for an Argumentative Theory”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, No. 34: 57–74, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10000968.

Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., and Rand, D. G. (2018), “Prior Exposure Increases Perceived Accuracy of Fake News”, Journal of Experimental Psychology,No 12: 1865-1880.

Pennycook, G., Fugelsang, J. A., and Koehler, D. J. (2015), “What Makes Us Think? A Three-Stage Dual-Process Model of Analytic Engagement”, Cognitive Psychology, No. 80: 34 –72, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2015.05.001.

Pennycook, G., and Rand, D. (2017), “The Implied Truth Effect: Attaching Warnings to a Subset of Fake News Stories Increases Perceived Accuracy of Stories Without Warnings”, retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ papers.cfm?abstract_id=3035384.

Pennycook, G., and Rand, D. G. (2018a), “Lazy, Not Biased: Susceptibility to Partisan Fake News Is Better Explained by Lack of Reasoning Than by Motivated Reasoning”, Cognition, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011.

Pennycook, G., and Rand, D. G. (2018b), “Who Falls for Fake News? the Roles of Bullshit Receptivity, Overclaiming, Familiarity, and Analytic Thinking”, retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ id=3023545.

Polage, D. C. (2012), “Making Up History: False Memories of Fake News Stories”, Europe’s Journal of Psychology, No. 8: 245–250, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5964/ejop.v8i2.456.

Redlawsk, D. (2002), “Hot Cognition or Cool Consideration? Testing the Effects of Motivated Reasoning on Political Decision Making”, Journal of Politics, No. 64: 1021–1044, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00161.

Sanford, N., Veckenstedt, R., Moritz, S., Balzan, R. P., and Woodward, T. S. (2014), “Impaired Integration of Disambiguating Evidence in Delusional Schizophrenia Patients”, Psychological Medicine, No. 44: 2729 –2738, http:// dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714000397.

Schwartz, M. (1982), “Repetition and Rated Truth Value of Statements”, AmericanJournal of Psychology, No. 95: 393– 407, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1422132.

Schwarz, N., Sanna, L. L. J., Skurnik, I., and Yoon, C. (2007), “Metacognitive Experiences and the Intricacies of Setting People Straight: Implications For Debiasing and Public Information Campaigns”, Advances in ExperimentalSocialPsychology, No. 39: 127–161, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065- 2601(06)39003-x.

Shane, S. (2017), “From Headline to Photograph, A Fake News Masterpiece”, New York Times, retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/18/us/fake-news-hillary-clinton-cameron-harris.html.

Silverman, C., Strapagiel, L., Shaban, H., and Hall, E. (2016), “Hyperpartisan Facebook Pages Are Publishing False and Misleading in- Formation at An Alarming Rate”, Buzzfeed News, retrieved from https:// www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/partisan-fb-pages-analysis.

Singal, J. (2017), “This is a Great Psychological Framework for Understanding How Fake News Spreads”, New York Magazine, Retrieved From, http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2017/01/a-great-psychological-framework-for-understanding-fake-news.html.

Swire, B., Berinsky, A. J., Lewandowsky, S., and Ecker, U. K. H. (2017), “Processing Political Misinformation: Comprehending the Trump Phenomenon”, Royal Society Open Science, No. 4: 160802, http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160802.

Unkelbach, C. (2007), “Reversing the Truth Effect: Learning the Interpretation of Processing Fluency in Judgments of Truth”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, No. 33: 219 –230, http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.33.1.219.

Unkelbach, C., and Rom, S. (2017), “A Referential Theory of the Repetition- Induced Truth Effect”, Cognition, 160: 110 –126, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.12.016.