پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 158 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,225 |
| تعداد مقالات | 67,685 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 114,982,243 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 89,654,143 |
پان‌ترکیسم: برساختن هویت و شکل‌گیری جمهوری آذربایجان (1890 تا 1920) | ||
| مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی | ||
| مقاله 12، دوره 12، شماره 2، مهر 1398، صفحه 459-478 اصل مقاله (635.76 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jcep.2019.117370.449567 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| الهه کولایی* 1؛ مریم نظامی2 | ||
| 1استاد مطالعات منطقه‌ای، دانشگاه تهران | ||
| 2دکتری مطالعات منطقه‌ای، دانشگاه تهران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| شکل‌گیری جمهوری دمکراتیک آذربایجان (1918 تا 1921) در دوران اوج‌گیری جنبش‌های ملی‌گرایانه در مناطق مختلف جهان صورت گرفت. قفقاز از مناطقی بود که از موج دولت-ملت‌سازی بعد از جنگ اول جهانی تأثیر زیادی پذیرفت و دولت‌های مستقل از دل آن سر بر آوردند. گزینش نام «آذربایجان» برای منطقه‌ای که تا قبل از آن «اران» نامیده می‌شد، برای ایرانیان اقدامی در راستای زمینه‌سازی برای جداسازی مناطق ترک‌نشین ایران و تحقق رؤیای الحاق‌گری پان‌ترک‌های عثمانی و قفقاز تعبیر شد. جمهوری آذربایجان نمونه‌ای ایده‌آل از واحد ملی است که بدون هیچ سابقه‌ای در تاریخ قبل از قرن نوزدهم، به یک‌باره در جریان مبارزات سیاسی و اجتماعی منتهی به فروپاشی تزارها شکل گرفت. در تحلیل شکل‌گیری جمهوری آذربایجان، رویکرد این نوشتار تمرکز بر فرایندی است که در آن سه نسل از روشنفکران، به برساختن «ایدۀ ملت» در میان مسلمانان قفقاز پرداختند و مبنایی برای تلاش‌های سیاسی در این زمینه فراهم آوردند. این نوشتار با استفاده از الگوی نظری تحلیل‌گرانی چون بندیکت اندرسون، نشان می‌دهد که چگونه این روشنفکران در فرایندی تدریجی، ایدۀ ملت را از حسی مبهم به ایده‌ای سیاسی تبدیل کردند و تعریفی از خویشتن در مقابل «دیگر»ی ارائه کردند. سرانجام با استفاده از شرایط فروپاشی امپراتوری‌های روسیه و عثمانی واحد سیاسی تشکیل دادند. این فرایند برساختن ایدۀ ملت، از یک‌سو به معنای برجسته‌سازی برخی عناصر هویتی موجود در هویت مردم مسلمان قفقاز و از سوی دیگر حاشیه‌سازی و طرد برخی دیگر از عناصر هویتی مانند عناصر شیعی و ایرانی بوده است. این نوشتار نشان می‌دهد که چگونه این برساختن هویت در فرایندی سیاسی و با ملاحظه‌های برآمده از آن صورت گرفته است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| ایدۀ ملت؛ برساختن هویت؛ پان‌ترکیسم؛ جمهوری آذربایجان؛ روشنفکران | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Pan-Turkism, Construction of Identity and the Formation of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1890-1920) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Elaheh Koolaee1؛ Maryam Nezami2 | ||
| 1Professor of Regional Studies, University of Tehran | ||
| 2PhD in Regional Studies, University of Tehran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The formation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic took place when nationalistic movements were at their zenith around the world. The Caucasus was amongst the regions that were heavily influenced by such movements. Independent states such as Armenia, Georgia,and Azerbaijan came into being after the collapse of the tsarist empire. The establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic with the centrality of the Müsavat Party triggered much attention in Iran. Selecting the name “Azerbaijan” for the region that was formerly called “Aran” was interpreted as a plot to split Iran’s Turkish-populated Regions, consequently realizing the long-sought dream of panTurkists. The main question of this article is as follows: what was the role of pan-Turkist intellectuals of Caucasus in the emergence and establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic? This article aims to respond to the abovementioned question by emphasizing on the “constructed” collective identities and utilizing the theories of intellectuals such as Eric Hobsbawm, Ernest Gellner, Benedict Anderson, Miroslav Hroch, and Paul Brass, to analyze the process of national identity construction led by Azeri intellectuals. This article stresses that the efforts of three generations of Azeri intellectuals have played a major role in the emergence and formation of the central idea of an Azeri Nation-state. The three generations (1870 - 1918), in a gradual process along with political goals, were able to succeed in creating and spreading a national identity among Caucasian Muslims and utilizing it as the basis for the political action, during the political conflicts caused by the fall of the tsarist empire. The people of the Muslim regions of the Caucasus, which before the Russo-Persian wars were considered to be a part of the Iranian society, in addition to political affiliations, possessed a historical, cultural and religious interconnectedness with Iran. 100 years after separation from Iran, the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was due to the newly found identity which emphasized on distinguishing itself from the Iranian culture. The foundations of this transformation were shaped during the colonization of the region by tsarist Russia. With the outset of the Russian Rule, a gradual process of colonial modernization formed which did not pick up until after 1870. The discovery of oil in Baku was the factor that helped to increase the pace of these changes. The most notable achievement of such modernization was the creation of new intellectual groups amongst Georgian, Armenian and Muslim ethnic groups. The Caucasian Muslim intellectuals were a newly found group which formed the basis of a significant cultural change in the region. This article has analyzed the evolution of three generations of these intellectuals between the years 1870 and 1918. The first generation includes several figures, the most notable one being Mirza Fatali Akhundov. The main characteristic of this generation was the simultaneous interest in both Iranian identity and Russian modernization. Their most important role was initiating a culturally enlightened movement amongst the Muslims of the Caucasus and adopting the local Turkish language as the literary language. The second generation of intellectuals consisted of intellectuals who attempted to recover the language and the cultural heritage and share their recovery amongst the masses via media tools. A dichotomy towards Iranian culture existed amongst this generation. Even though groups such as Ahmad Agaiov have friendly tendencies towards Iran and some even supported Iranians during the Constitutional Revolution, but groups such as Yellow and Blue and Hossein Zadeh have had hostile propensities towards Iranian culture and Shiite identity. The third step was finally taken towards political conflicts. During the fall of the tsarist empire, with the intensification of the identity conflict in the Caucasus and Pan-Turkist objectives and its peak during the Ottoman Empire, the third generation of Azeri Intellectuals took the ethnically constructed identity from the cultural to political realms and set it as the basis for the establishment of their national unit. This article emphasizes on the formation of the Republic of Azerbaijan in 1918, as being an ideal example of a national unit that was shaped without any precedent in history before the 19th century, and immediately during political and social conflicts which led to the fall of the tsarists. During this process, the Turkish identity and the idea of Azerbaijan were segmented on the basis and through the utilization of modern public tools. During the process of the “constructed” identity, some identical elements became prominent and were centralized as the definitions of identity (such as the Turkish language, Turkish myths, and the bound between the Caucasus and Anatolian Turks), and some were alienized (such as the Persian language, historical bonds between Caucasus and Iran) and some were marginalized and based on immediate goals were put on standby (such as Shiite elements). Through a gradual process, they turned the idea of “Azerbaijan Nation” from an obscure sense into a coherent idea and political plan. The occurrence of the First World War, the deterioration and fall of the Russian Empire andthe peak of pan-Turkism in the Ottoman Empire were amongst significant and influential factors in the formation of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Perhaps the absence of any of the above factors would have hindered the efforts of Caucasian intellectuals towards forging the new identity and creating a national unit on its basis. However, the simultaneous occurrence of these factors synergized the efforts of these intellectuals in constructing a new identity for the Muslims of Caucasus and led to the establishment of the independent national unit. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Construction of Identity, Notion of Nation, Pan-Turkism, The Intellectuals, The Republic of Azerbaijan | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
A) Persian 1. Adamiyat, Fereydoon (1970), The Thoughts of Mirza Fath Ali Akhondzadeh, Tehran: Khwarazmi. 2. Afanasyan, Serge (1991), l’Azerbaidjan et la Georgie: de l’independance a l’instauration du Pouvoir Sovietique, 1917-1923, Translated by Abdolreza Houshang Mahdavi, Tehran: Moein. 3. Ahmad, Firouz (a) (2009), “Pan Turanism”, in: The Encyclopedia of the New World Islam, Vol. 2, Edited by John Esposito, Translated by Hassan Taremi and Mohammad Dashti, Tehran: Nashre Ketabe Marja. 4. Ahmad, Firouz (b) (2009), “Young Turks”, in: The Encyclopedia of the New World Islam, Vol. 2, Edited by John Esposito, Translated by Hassan Taremi and Mohammad Dashti, Tehran: Nashre Ketabe Marja. 5. Ahmadi, Hamid (2010), Ethnicity and Ethnicism in Iran: Myth and Reality, Tehran: Ney. 6. Altstadt, Audrey (2009), “Azerbaijan”, in: The Encyclopedia of the New World of Islam, Vol. 1, Edited by John Esposito, Translated by Hassan Taremi and Mohammad Dashti, Tehran: Nashre Ketabe Marja. 7. Armstrong, John (2007), “Nations before Nationalism”, in: John Hutchinson and Anthony Smith (eds.), Nationalism, Translated by Ali Morshedizad and Mostafa Younesi, Tehran: Research Institute of Strategic Studies. 8. Atkin, Muriel (2003), Russia and Iran, 1780-1828, Translated by Mohsen Khadem, Tehran: Center of University Press. 9. Avtorkhanov, Abdurakhman (1992), Empire of the Kremlin, Tehran: Amozesh-e-Enghelab Eslami. 10. Bayat, Kaveh (2001), A Storm over the Caucasus: a Look at the Regional Relations of Iran and the Republics of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia in the First Period of Independence 1917-1921, Tehran: Document Center and the History of Diplomacy. 11. Bayat, Kaveh (2008), Pan Turkism and Iran,Tehran: Shiraze. 12. Bennigsen, Alexander and Mary Bruxup (1991), Soviet Muslims: Past, Present and Future,Translated by Kaveh Bayat, Tehran: Islamic Culture. 13. Bennigsen, Alexander and Mary Bruxup (1998), “Russia and the North Caucasus”, in: Two Centuries of Caucasian Muslim Struggle, Translated by Seyyed Gholamreza Tahami, Tehran: Islamic Revolution Document Center Publications. 14. Castells, Manuel (2006), The Rise of Network Society, Vol. 2, Translated by Hasan Chavushian, Tehran: Tarh-e Now. 15. Conquest, Robert (1997), Stalin: the Last Documents after the Collapse, Translated by Mahdi Semsar, Tehran: Naghsh-e Jahan. 16. D’Encausse, Hélène Carrère (1987), L’ Empire Éclaté, Translated by Abbas Agahi, Mashhad: Astan Quds Razavi. 17. Entekhabi, Nader (1993), “From Ottomanism to Turanianism”, Negah-e Now, No. 16, October and November, pp. 68-101. 18. Foran, John (2001), Fragile Resistance: Social Transformation in Iran from 1500 to the Revolution, Translated by Ahmed Tadin, Tehran: Resa. 19. Gökalp, Ziya (1972), Turkish Nationalism and Western Civilization, Translated by Fereydoon Bazargan, Tehran: Institute of Regional Cultural. 20. Hobsbawm, Eric (2004), Nation and Nationalism (Program, Myth and Reality), Translated by Ali Bash, Mashhad: Mehr Damoon. 21. Kamali, Habibollah (1997), British Colonization in Transcaucasia (1918-1921), Based on British Foreign Ministry Classified information, Tehran: Center of Publications of Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 22. Kolakowski, Lezek (2008), Main Currents of Marxsim its Rise, Growt, and Dissolution, Vol. 3, Translated by Abbas Milani, Tehran: Agah. 23. Landau, Jacob (2007), Pan-Turkism: from Irredentism to Cooperation,Translated by Hamid Ahmadi, Tehran: Ney. 24. Landau, Jacob (2009), “Pan-Islam”, in: The Encyclopedia of the New World of Islam, Vol. 2, Edited by John Esposito, Translated by Hassan Taremi and Mohammad Dashti, Tehran: Reference Book Publications. 25. Lasserini, Edward J. (2009), “Jadidism”, in: The Encyclopedia of the New World Islam, Vol. 2, Edited by John Esposito, Translated by Hassan Taremi and Mohammad Dashti, Tehran: Reference BookPublications. 26. Levy, Michael (1990), “Marxists and the National Question”, Translated by Khashayar Deyimi, Negah-e Now, No. 4, pp. 130-157 27. Mansouri, Firouz (2000), Studies on the History, Language and Culture of Azerbaijan, Tehran: Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies. 28. Ozkirimli, Umut (2004), Theories of Nationalism, Translated by Mohammad Ali Ghasemi, Tehran: Institute of National Studies Publication. 29. Rasoulzadeh, Mohammad Amin (2001), Azerbaijan Republic: Characteristics, Formation and Contemporary State,Translated by Taghi Salamzadeh, Tehran: Shiraze. 30. Rasoulzadeh, Mohammad Amin (2010), Nationality and Bolshevism, Tehran: Shiraze. 31. Reza, Enayatollah (2006), Azerbaijan and Aran,Tehran: Hezare. 32. Robinson, Richard (1977), The First Turkish Republic: a Case Study in National Development,Tehran: Bookstore Publications. 33. Samad, Vali (1999), Ferdowsi and Shahnameh in the Caucasus, Translated by Hasan Chavushian, Tehran: Carang. 34. Swietochowski, Tadeuse (2002), Russian Azarbaijan (1905-1920): the Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community, Translated by Kazem Firouzmand, Tehran: Shadgan. 35. Vand, Zare (1990), The Myth of The Pan-Turanism (United and Independent Turania: Aims and Designs of the Turks),Translated by Mohammad Reza Zargar, Tehran: Benesh and Parven. 36. Vincent, Andrew (1999), Modern Political Ideologies, Translated by Morteza Saghebfar, Tehran: Ghoghnoos.
B) English 1. Altstadt, Audrey (1992), The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule, Leland Stanford Junior University. 2. Anderson, Bendicet (2006), Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso. 3. Baddeley, John Frederick (2003), The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus, London: Routledge. 4. Bobrovnikov, V. (2006), “Islam in Russian Empire”, in: The Cambridge History of Russia, Vol. II: Imperial Russia 1689-1917, Edited by Dominic Lieven, London: Cambridge University Press. 5. Coene, Frederik (2010), The Caucasus: an Introduction, London: Routledge. 6. Croissant, Michael P. (1998), The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications, Connecticut Praeger Publishers. 7. Hanioglu, M. Sukuro (2006), “Turkism and Yong Turks (1892-1908)”, in: Hans-Lukas Kieser (ed.), Turkey beyond Nationalism: towards Post-Nationalist Identities, London: I. B. Touris. 8. Khaled, A. (1998), The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reforms: Jadidism in Central Asia, Berkeley: University of California Press. 9. Laclau, Ernesto and Chantal Mouffe (1985), Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: towards a Radical Democratic Politics, London: Verso. 10. Parla, Taha (1985), The Social and Political Thought of Zi̇ya Gökalp, 1876-1924, Leiden: E. J. Brill. 11. Pethybridge, R. W. (1971), “British Imperialists in the Russian Empire”, Russian Review, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 346-355. 12. Smith, Antony (1998), Nation and Nationalism in Global Era, London: Polity Press. 13. Zenkovsky, A. (1967), Panturkism and Islam in Russia, Cambridge, Harvard University Press. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,395 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 781 |
||