تعداد نشریات | 161 |
تعداد شمارهها | 6,532 |
تعداد مقالات | 70,504 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,122,876 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,231,073 |
ارزیابی شاخص راندمان ذخیرۀ آب در ایران و عراق در تجارت آب مجازی با ترکیه | ||
اکوهیدرولوژی | ||
مقاله 14، دوره 6، شماره 4، دی 1398، صفحه 1015-1027 اصل مقاله (619.76 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/ije.2019.285760.1164 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
نرگس خاتون دولتآبادی1؛ محمدابراهیم بنی حبیب* 2؛ عباس روزبهانی3؛ اونر چتین4 | ||
1دانشجوی دکتری مهندسی منابع آب، پردیس ابوریحان دانشگاه تهران | ||
2استاد گروه مهندسی آبیاری و زهکشی پردیس ابوریحان دانشگاه تهران | ||
3دانشیار گروه مهندسی آبیاری و زهکشی پردیس ابوریحان دانشگاه تهران | ||
4استاد دانشگاه دجله- ترکیه | ||
چکیده | ||
واردات محصولات کشاورزی میتواند یکی از استراتژیهای کارآمد برای ذخیرۀ آب در ایران و عراق باشد. بنابراین، تجارت آب مجازی به کاهش فشار بر منابع آب در این دو کشور منجر خواهد شد. در پژوهش حاضر دو استان الازیگ و دیاربکر که سرچشمۀ رودهای مهم دجله و فرات در کشور ترکیه هستند، به عنوان مبدأ تجارت آب مجازی از ترکیه به ایران و عراق انتخاب شده است. در مطالعۀ حاضر، میزان تجارت آب مجازی از استان یادشده به روش جریان تجارت کالا به کشورهای ایران و عراق طی دورۀ 2015-2018 بررسی شده است. پژوهش حاضر با ارائۀ شاخص راندمان ذخیرۀ آب نشان داد واردات گندم و عدس بهترتیب به طور متوسط 2/3 و 1/2 منابع آب در ایران و 1/3 و 0/2 منابع آب در عراق ذخیره میکند. از سوی دیگر، مصرف آب در بالادست حوضه برای تولید محصولات کشاورزی به مشکلات زیستمحیطی در پاییندست حوضه منجر شده است. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان میدهد گرچه واردات محصولات از ترکیه به ایران و عراق موجب ذخیرۀ منابع آب در این دو کشور خواهد شد، با توجه به حوضۀ مشترک دجله و فرات، سیاستهای تجاری باید براساس ذخیرهسازی آب در کل حوضه شکل گیرند. رویکرد ارائهشده در مطالعۀ حاضر میتواند سبب بهبود سیاستهای تجاری در منطقه و توجه به آثار این تجارتها بر منابع آب و محیط زیست شود و همچنین به شکلگیری سیاستهای تجاری براساس ذخیرهسازی منابع آب از طریق تبادل آب مجازی در جهان منجر شود. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
تجارت آب مجازی؛ دجله و فرات؛ شاخص راندمان ذخیرۀ آب | ||
مراجع | ||
[1]. Allan JA. Water security in the Middle East: The hydro-politics of global solutions: Columbia University Press; 2002.
[2]. Feng K, Siu YL, Guan D, Hubacek K. Assessing regional virtual water flows and water footprints in the Yellow River Basin, China: A consumption based approach. Applied Geography. 2012;32(2):691-701.
[3]. Lenzen M, Moran D, Bhaduri A, Kanemoto K, Bekchanov M, Geschke A, et al. International trade of scarce water. Ecological Economics. 2013;94:78-85.
[4]. Ren D, Yang Y, Yang Y, Richards K, Zhou X. Land-Water-Food Nexus and indications of crop adjustment for water shortage solution. Science of The Total Environment. 2018;626:11-21.
[5]. Chapagain AK, Hoekstra AY. The global component of freshwater demand and supply: an assessment of virtual water flows between nations as a result of trade in agricultural and industrial products. Water international. 2008;33(1):19-32.
[6]. Liu S, Han M, Wu X, Wu X, Li Z, Xia X, et al. Embodied water analysis for Hebei Province, China by input-output modelling. Frontiers of Earth Science. 2018;12(1):72-85.
[7]. Ye Q, Li Y, Zhuo L, Zhang W, Xiong W, Wang C, et al. Optimal allocation of physical water resources integrated with virtual water trade in water scarce regions: A case study for Beijing, China. Water research.1.2018;129:264-276.
[8]. Allan JA. Policy responses to the closure of water resources: regional and global issues. Water policy: Allocation and management in practice. 1996:228-34.
[9]. Hoekstra AY, Hung PQ. Globalisation of water resources: international virtual water flows in relation to crop trade. Global environmental change. 2005;15(1):45-56.
[10]. Chapagain AK, Hoekstra AY, Savenije H. Water saving through international trade of agricultural products. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions. 2006;10(3):455-468.
[11]. Shao L, Chen G, Hayat T, Alsaedi A. Systems ecological accounting for wastewater treatment engineering: method, indicator and application. Ecological indicators. 2014;47:32-42.
[12]. Fu Y, Zhao J, Wang C, Peng W, Wang Q, Zhang C. The virtual Water flow of crops between intraregional and interregional in mainland China. Agricultural Water Management. 2018;208:204-13.
[13]. Liu J, Zhang Y, Yu Z. Evaluation of Physical and Economic Water-Saving Efficiency for Virtual Water Flows Related to Inter-Regional Crop Trade in China. Sustainability. 2018;10(11):4308.
[14]. Salmoral G, Yan X. Food-energy-water nexus: A life cycle analysis on virtual water and embodied energy in food consumption in the Tamar catchment, UK. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2018;133:320-30.
[15]. Antonelli M, Roson R, Sartori M. Systemic input-output computation of green and blue virtual water ‘flows’ with an illustration for the Mediterranean region. Water Resources Management. 2012;26(14):4133-46.
[16]. Hoekstra AY, editor Virtual water trade: Proceedings of the international expert meeting on virtual water trade2003: IHE Delft, The Netherlands.
[17]. Antonelli M, Tamea S. Food-water security and virtual water trade in the Middle East and North Africa. International Journal of Water Resources Development. 2015;31(3):326-342.
[18]. Richards A, Waterbury J, Cammett M, Diwan I. A political economy of the Middle East: Westview Press; 2013.
[19]. Sakmar SL, Wackernagel M, Galli A, Moore D, editors. Sustainable development and Environmental Challenges in the MENA Region: Accounting for the Environment in the 21st century. Economic Research Forum; 2011.
[20]. Mellios N, Koopman JF, Laspidou C. Virtual Crop Water Export Analysis: The Case of Greece at River Basin District Level. Geosciences. 2018;8(5):161.
[21]. Dabrowski J, Murray K, Ashton P, Leaner J. Agricultural impacts on water quality and implications for virtual water trading decisions. Ecological economics. 2009;68(4):1074-82.
[22]. Rockström J, Falkenmark M, Karlberg L, Hoff H, Rost S, Gerten D. Future water availability for global food production: the potential of green water for increasing resilience to global change. Water resources research. 2009;45(7).
[23]. Karimi P, Bastiaanssen WG, Molden D, Cheema MJM. Basin-wide water accounting based on remote sensing data: an application for the Indus Basin. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2013;17(7):2473-86.
[24]. Vanham D, Hoekstra AY, Wada Y, Bouraoui F, de Roo A, Mekonnen MM, et al. Physical water scarcity metrics for monitoring progress towards SDG target 6.4: An evaluation of indicator 6.4. 2 “Level of water stress”. Science of the Total Environment. 2018;613:218-32.
[25]. Kucukmehmetoglu M, Guldmann J-M. International water resources allocation and conflicts: the case of the Euphrates and Tigris. Environment and Planning A. 2004;36(5):783-801.
[26]. Banihabib M, Dowlatabadi N, Jabbari M. Designing a cogneitive map of factor influencing drying up of Hoor-Al-Azim and its consequences. Congress of DokuzEylul University and Izmir KatipCelebi University; 30 May - 2 June 2018 Izmir/Turkey2018.
[27]. Cakmak E. Agricultural Water Pricing: Turkey. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. 2010.
[28]. Gürsoy S, Sessiz A, Malhi S. Short-term effects of tillage and residue management following cotton on grain yield and quality of wheat. Field crops research. 2010;119(2-3):260-8.
[29]. Karadogan S, Atasoy E. GAP Project built over Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Southeastern Turkey and problems encountered. BALWOIS; 2010.
[30]. Chu Y, Shen Y, Yuan Z. Water footprint of crop production for different crop structures in the Hebei southern plain, North China. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2017;21(6):3061-9.
[31]. Averink J. Global water footprint of industrial hemp textile: University of Twente; 2015.
[32]. Handayani W, Kristijanto AI, Hunga AIR. A water footprint case study in Jarum village, Klaten, Indonesia: The production of natural-colored batik. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2018:1-14.
[33]. Alsamawi A, Murray J, Gómez-Paredes J, Reyes RC. Exporting water from the desert? An analysis of the virtual water content of Saudi Arabian agricultural exports. International Journal of Water Resources Development. 2018;34(2):292-304.
[34]. Beltrán MJ, Kallis G. How Does Virtual Water Flow in Palestine? A Political Ecology Analysis. Ecological Economics. 2018;143:17-26.
[35]. Fouladavand S, Sayyad GA. The Impact of Karkheh Dam Construction on Reducing the Extent of Wetlands of Hoor-Alazim. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science. 2015;4(2):33-8.
[36]. UNEP. Global Environment Outlook 2003. 2013.
[37]. Van Zeist W, de Roller GJ. The plant husbandry of aceramic Çayönü, SE Turkey. Palaeohistoria. 2015:65-96.
[38]. Mapping: LIW. http://www.landinfo.com/Turkey.pdf- 2015.
[39]. International Trade Centre (ITC). http://www.intracen.org/. 2019.
[40]. TUIK. TARIM İSTATİSTİKLERİ ÖZETİ / The Summary of Agricultural Statistics 2011. TÜRKİYE İSTATİSTİK KURUMU/ Turkish Statistical Institute. 2016:118.
[41]. Mekonnen M, Hoekstra AY. National water footprint accounts: the green, blue and grey water footprint of production and consumption. 2011.
[42]. Siebert S, Döll P. Quantifying blue and green virtual water contents in global crop production as well as potential production losses without irrigation. Journal of Hydrology. 2010;384(3-4):198-217.
[43]. Chapagain A, Hoekstra A. The green, blue and grey water footprint of rice from both a production and consumption perspective. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 40. Delft, Netherlands: UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education. 2010.
[44]. Franke N, Mathews R. C&A’s Water Footprint Strategy: Cotton Clothing Supply Chain. Water Footprint Network, Enschede, Netherlands & C&A Foundation, Zug, Switzerland. 2013.
[45]. Hasanbeigi A, Price L. A technical review of emerging technologies for energy and water efficiency and pollution reduction in the textile industry. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015;95:30-44.
[46]. Liu X, Klemeš JJ, Varbanov PS, Čuček L, Qian Y. Virtual carbon and water flows embodied in international trade: a review on consumption-based analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2017;146:20-8.
[47]. Ozturk E, Karaboyacı M, Yetis U, Yigit NO, Kitis M. Evaluation of integrated pollution prevention control in a textile fiber production and dyeing mill. Journal of cleaner production. 2015;88:116-24.
[48]. Mekonnen MM, Hoekstra AY. The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2011;15(5): 577-600.
[49]. Mohammadi-Kanigolzar F, Ameri JD, Motee N. Virtual water trade as a strategy to water resource management in Iran. Journal of Water Resource and Protection. 2014;6(02):141.
[50]. Isaac J, Hosh L. Roots of the water conflict in the Middle East: Applied Research Institute; 1992. | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 821 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 417 |