پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 158 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,225 |
| تعداد مقالات | 67,685 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 114,996,614 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 89,669,208 |
نگاهی گذرا به سیر تحول کارکرد موسیقی در حیات دینی یهود | ||
| نشریه هنرهای زیبا: هنرهای نمایشی و موسیقی | ||
| مقاله 6، دوره 23، شماره 1، فروردین 1397، صفحه 47-55 اصل مقاله (713.29 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jfadram.2017.204013.614925 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| نسرین بنی اسدی1؛ منصور معتمدی* 2 | ||
| 1دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد ادیان و عرفان تطبیقی، دانشکدة الهیات، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران | ||
| 2دانشیار گروه ادیان و عرفان تطبیقی، دانشکدة الهیات، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در مطالعة حاضر، سیر تحولِ موسیقی در حیات دینی یهود از ابتدا تا پایان هزارۀ اول میلادی مطالعه شده است. هدف از نگارش این مطالعه نمایاندن ارتباط بین شرایط سیاسی- اجتماعی موجود در جامعۀ یهود و رویکرد آنان به موسیقی بوده است. در این مطالعه، که به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی نگاشته شده، نخست قدمت موسیقی و اَشکال اولیۀ آن در عهد عتیق بررسی شده، سپس، با مراجعه به گزارشهای تاریخی، به عصر معبد دوم پرداخته شده و نشان داده شده است که چطور در این عصر، هنر موسیقی در جامعۀ یهودیِ اورشلیم به اوج شکوفاییاش رسید. با این حال، از اوایل عصر پراکندگی، ملاحظه میشود، بهسبب پیدایش نگرشی منفی دربارة استفاده از آلات موسیقی در میان عالمان یهودی، استفاده از این آلات در مناسک دینی تحریم شد و موسیقی در فرهنگ دینی یهود در قالب سرودخوانی به حیات خود ادامه داد. بدین ترتیب، در مطالعة حاضر نشان داده شده که چطور در زمان گشایش و رفاه نسبی رویکرد متدینان قوم یهود به موسیقی در مجموع مثبت بوده است و در هر زمان که شرایط زندگی برای این قوم سخت و جانکاه شده توجه آنان به موسیقی کمتر شده و آنان رویکردی بدبینانه به آن اتخاذ کردهاند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| فرهنگ یهود؛ موسیقی؛ موسیقی عصر باستان؛ هنر یهود | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| A Glance at the Development of the Function of Music in Jewish Religious Life | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Nasrin Bani Assadi1؛ Mansour Motamedi2 | ||
| 1Master’s student of Religions and Comparative Mysticism, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran | ||
| 2Associate Professor of Religions and Comparative Mysticism, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| From ancient times to the present day, music as one of the earliest forms of art has had a significant role in religious ceremonies. Whether instrumental or vocal, music has been an inseparable part of rituals in almost all ancient religions. This research focuses on Judaism as one of the greatest religions in which music has always played a significant liturgical and ceremonial role. The form of music throughout the history of Judaism has gone through dramatic changes. The present article surveys the transformations of the form of music in different phases of Jewish religious life throughout history. In this research, we have covered the history of Jewish music from the beginning to the end of the first millennium C.E. The Old Testament as the earliest existing document about the early Jewish community contains useful information about the earliest forms of music in Jewish culture. Thus we have started our survey on Jewish music from the reports of musical events in the Pentateuch. We have shown that the earliest form of music in Judaism religious life has been mostly vocal music. Although, some instruments such as shofar were also used by the time of Moses. As inferred from the other books of the Old Testament, the use of the instruments in religious ceremonies became more popular after the conquest of Jerusalem by David. However, it was after the foundation of the second temple that the instrumental music reached its climax in Jewish religious life. At this time, a wide collection of ancient instruments were used in temple orchestra. Unfortunately, the grace of the music of this time started to become forgotten with the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 C.E. Since the beginnings of the great Diaspora, due to the negative rabbinic attitude toward instrumental music, the use of instruments in Jewish religious ceremonies and congregations was declared forbidden. Therefore, from that time on, music in Jewish religious life continued to exist in the form of singing in the synagogues. This occurrence led to a dramatic growth in the vocal music among the Jewish devotees. During this time, several methods for singing Biblical verses were proposed, and a few were abolished. This research reveals how the living conditions and political events in each phase of Jewish history have influenced the form of music performed in Jewish religious ceremonies as well as the attitude of the devout Jews toward music in general. At any time that the Jewish community has lost its political grace, a negative attitude toward instrumental music can be observed among the devout Jews. On the other hand, at the times of glory and victory, an increasing significance has been given to the use of instruments in Jewish music. By focusing on music in Jewish religious life alone, we have attempted to provide a historical-critical outlook on the attitude of Judaism toward music. We have shown that to what extent the religious attitude toward music can be dependent on different conditions the religious community has been facing throughout its history. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Music, ancient music, Jewish culture, Jewish art | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
دقیقیان، شیریندخت (1378). نردبانی به آسمان: نیایشگاه در تاریخ و فلسفة یهود، ویدا، تهران. کتاب مقدس (1384). ترجمة قدیم، ایلام، تهران. منصوری، پرویز (1383). تئوری بنیادی موسیقی، نشر کارنامه، تهران Bayer, Bathja and Avenary, Hanoch (2007). “Music, History”, Encyclopaedia Judaica, Editor in chief: F. Skolnik, Vol.14, Thomson Gale, Detroit.
Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1979). “Music”, The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, Grand Rapids.
Cohen, Francis L. (1901). “Music, Synagogal”, The Jewish Encyclopedia, Funk and Wagnalls, New York.
Dead Sea Scrolls: The Qumrun Texts in English (1996). Translated into English by Wilfred G. E. Watson, Brill, Leiden.
Elden, Marsha Bryan (2003). Discovering Jewish Music, The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia.
Gradenwitz, Peter (1949). The Music of Israel: It’s rise and growth through 5000 years, W. W. Norton & Company, New York.
Hirsch, Emil G. and Nowack, Wilhelm (1901). “Music and Musical Instruments”, The Jewish Encyclopedia, Funk and Wagnalls, New York.
Idelsohn, Abraham Z. (1992). Jewish Music: Its Historical Development, Dover Publications, Dover
Josephus (1933). Jewish Antiquities, Books V-VIII, Translated into English by H. ST. J. Thackeray; Ralph Marcus, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Lockyer, Herbert, Jr. (2004). All The Music Of The Bible: An Exploration of Musical Expression in Scripture and Church Hymnody, Hendrickson Publisher, Peabody.
Pasternak, Velvet (2002). The Jewish Music Companion: Historical Overview, Personalities, Annotated Folksongs, Tara Publications, Owings Mills.
Randel, Don Michael (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Shiloah, Amnon (1992). Jewish Musical Traditions, Wayne State University Press, Detroit.
The Babylonian Talmud (1961). Translated into English with notes, glossary and indices under the editorship of Isidore Epstein, Soncino Press, London.
The Holy Bible(1961).Authorized (King James) Version, Gideons International, Chicago.
The Hebrew - English Bible according to the JPS 1917 Edition at: http://www.mechon-mamre.org/
The Mishnah (1933). Translated into English by Herbert Danby, D.D., University Press, New York. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 534 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 590 |
||