پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 158 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,225 |
| تعداد مقالات | 67,685 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 114,976,088 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 89,648,449 |
تأثیر رودخانه‌های اتمسفری (ARS) بر آب‌وهوای ایران | ||
| پژوهش های جغرافیای طبیعی | ||
| مقاله 6، دوره 48، شماره 2، تیر 1395، صفحه 247-264 اصل مقاله (1.62 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله کامل | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jphgr.2016.59366 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سعدون سلیمی* 1؛ محمد سلیقه2 | ||
| 1کارشناسی‌ارشد آب و هواشناسی سینوپتیک، دانشگاه خوارزمی | ||
| 2دانشیار گروه آب‌وهواشناسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی | ||
| چکیده | ||
| وقوع سیلاب‌های عظیم در نواحی جنوبی و کاهش میانگین بارش کل در کشور، حاکی از تأثیر پدیده‌های مخرب اقلیمی بر آب‌وهوای کشور است. برای پیش‌بینی سیلاب‌ها و مطابقت انواع فعالیت‌های اقتصادی وابسته به آب، ضروری است که منابع و عوامل انتقال رطوبت و نوع آن‌ها در سطوح مختلف جو شناسایی شود. در این پژوهش، حمل و انتقال بخار آب از طریق رودخانه‌های اتمسفری (ARS) بررسی شده است. در آغاز، داده‌های دوبارۀ پردازش‌شدة رطوبت ویژه، برای دورة سه ساله (2011-2013) از مرکز داده‌های واکاوی‌شدة NCEP اخذ و نقشة ترازهای مختلف وردسپهری تهیه و تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که سالانه به‌طور میانگین، حدود دوازده رودخانة اتمسفری تشکیل می‌شود که رطوبت بخشی از بارش‌های ایران را تأمین می‌کند. بررسی‌ها نشان داد که رودبادها عامل به‌وجودآورندة این پدیده است. رطوبت موجود در این رودخانه‌ها به طور میانگین حدود شش برابر محیط اطرافشان است و در طول مسیر، از چشمه‌های اتمسفری تغذیه می‌کند. از نظر رطوبت، رودخانه‌های اتمسفری جنوبی و جنوب‌غربی بیشترین مقدار رطوبت را دارد و از نظر بارش، رودخانه‌های اتمسفری جنوبی دارای بیشترین مقدار بوده و حتی منجر به سیلاب و آب‌گرفتگی معابر در شهرهای جنوبی شده است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| اقلیم ایران؛ انتقال رطوبت؛ چشمه‌های اتمسفری؛ رودباد؛ شاخص مداری باد | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The effects of Atmospheric Rivers on Iran climate | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Saadoun Salimi1؛ Mohammad Saligheh2 | ||
| 1M.A. in Synoptic Climatology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Associate Professor of Climatology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction Water vapor can spread in molecular, unstable and erratic phase and can also transfer by convection and advection process. This transfer happens from the earth and ocean surfaces to the atmosphere in hot air. This type of transfer is considered as the main pattern. In the studies of the atmosphere, one of the prominent factors to be considered is the complexity of water vapor and its cycle. Water structure is different above the surface of the earth and the oceans. The study on water structure was initially conducted in 1960, in which a great deal of information gathered by the meteoric satellites and many researches were carried out about this phenomenon. One of the water structures is the atmospheric river, which is recently considered as a separate factor. The definition of the atmospheric river as the Tropospheric River was initially introduced by Riginald Newell in 1992. Given the fact that Middle East, especially Iran, is facing an overwhelming trend of drought, it is necessary to provide programs and plans to prevent this phenomenon. Moreover, the vast and small water sources and the moisture entries have to be identified. Materials and Methods In this research the specific humidity maps were reanalyzed in three years (2011, 12, 13), as provided by NOAA administration. About 1000 maps from different surfaces were drawn in this period. After the days with the occurrence of Atmospheric River were identified, jet stream maps were produced. For the jet stream maps two types of winds were used: UWND and VWND. They are derived from the NOAA administration. The maps were designed by the GRADS program by the use of 300 hPa of the defined day. Then, we studied the relation between the atmospheric river and jet stream of 300 hPa for the defined day. These relations with zonal wind were calculated in SPSS program by using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results and Discussion The average occurrence of ARS phenomenon in Iran is 13. These are entering to the country from different directions. In 2012, the highest amount of atmospheric river was reported. Approximately, 27 percent of the rivers were from the West, and the southeast, southwest and south with 8, 46 and 19 percent, respectively. West ARS happened mostly in February, 80 percent in the winter. The other 20 percent happened in the late autumn in December. The ARS are considered in 400hPa height, with 90 percent of them at this height level. East south ARS occurrence rate is the least with just 8 percent. Based on the seasons, these Atmospheric Rivers happen more in August and July. Their movement level is 600 hPa, which is in a lower level compared with the western ARS. West south ARS are considered as the main entries, due to the fact that 46 percent of the ARS are from this direction. These rivers are in lower levels, 600 and 700 hPa. About 60 percent of these rivers happened in the autumn, as the winter has the second rate. The other direction of the rivers is the southern part, which is considered as the most unregulated AR and can happen during all seasons except the winter. This direction is on the third stage according to the occurrence, and includes only 19 percent of the rivers. It enters Iran at the level of 700hPa, and is rarely reported by other levels. Conclusion The occurrence of Massive flood in the southern regions in the one hand, and reduction of the average total rainfall in the country on the other hand are influencing Iran from the destructive and climate events and phenomena. To predict flooding and accordance of economic activities related to water, it is necessary to recognize their sources and the transport of moisture factors in different levels of the atmosphere. In this study, we have studied transportation of water vapor through distinct phenomena on synoptic atmospheric rivers (ARS). In the beginning of the research re-processed data of specific humidity, were taken for a period of three years (2011-2013) from the NOAA. Then, the maps were prepared by Software GRADS. The results show that about 12 atmospheric rivers were observed during the study period on average annually and have been classified so-called western, southwestern, southern and southeastern Atmospheric Rivers. The studies show that River Winds have created the phenomena. Moisture in the river is about 6 times of surroundings on the average. Atmospheric rivers feed atmospheric spring head along the way. Southern and southwestern Atmospheric Rivers have the highest amount of moisture. Rainfall maps also showed the rainfall of Southern Atmospheric Rivers that lead to the flood and water logging passages in the southern cities. Pearson correlation coefficients indicated the relationship between atmospheric rivers with orbital indexes, respectively. The southern, southwestern and western ARS have correlation values of 28, 53, and 85 percent. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Atmospheric waterspout, Climate of Iran, jet stream, moisture transfer, tropic index | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
علیجانی، ب. (1390). اقلیم‌شناسی سینوپتیک، چاپ چهارم، انتشارات سمت، تهران. علیجانی، ب. (1387). آب‌وهوای ایران، چاپ هشتم، انتشارات پیام نور، تهران. فرج‌زاده، م.؛ کریمی احمدآباد، م.؛ قائمی، ﻫ. و مباشری، م.ر. (1388) .چگونگی انتقال رطوبت در بارش زمستانة غرب ایران، فصلنامةمدرس علوم انسانی، 13(1): 194-217. قویدل، ی.؛ فرج‌زاده، م. و احمدی، س. (1392) .منابع ودینامیسم انتقال رطوبت بارش‌های سنگین به سواحل ایران درجریان توفان گونو، فصلنامة فضای جغرافیایی دانشگاه اهر، 13(44): 111-133. کاویانی، م.ر. و علیجانی، ب.؛ (1386). مبانی آب و هواشناسی، چاپ سیزدهم، انتشارات سمت، تهران. کریمی، م. و فرج‌زاده، م. (1390) .شار رطوبت و الگوهای فضایی- زمانی منابع تأمین رطوبت بارش‌های ایران، نشریة تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی، 19(22): 110-127. Alijani, B. (2011). The synoptic climatology, Samt, Tehran.
Alijani, B. (2008). The Climate of Iran, Payamnoor, Tehran.
Farajzadeh, M.; Karimi Ahmadabad, M.; Ghaemi, H. and Mabasheri, M.R. (2009). The transfer of moisture in winter precipitation in the West of Iran. Journal of Humanities Teacher, 13(1): 194-217. Karimi, M. and Farajzadeh, M. (2011). Flux transfer of moisture and Spatio-temporal patterns humidity resources In Precipitation of Iran, Journal of Research in Applied Geographical Sciences, 19(22): 110-127. Kawiani, M.R. and Alijani, B. (2007). The foundation of climatology, Samt, Tehran.
Kerr, R.A. (2006). Rivers in the Sky Are Flooding The World With Tropical Waters, Science, 313 (5786): 435. doi:10.1126/science .313.5786.435.PMID 16873624.
McGuirk, J.P., Thompson, A.H. and Smith, N.R. (1987).Moisture bursts over the tropical Pacific Ocean, Mon. Wea. Rev; 115, 787-798. National Research Council (1999). The GEWEXGlobal Water Vapor Project (GVaP) - u.s. National Research Council (1991).,Opportunities in Hydrologic Sciences, National Academy Press, 348 pp. Neiman, P. (2009). Land falling Impacts of Atmospheric Rivers: From Extreme Events to Long-term Consequences, The 2010 Mountai,Climate Research Conference.
Neiman, P. (2008). Meteorological Characteristics and Overland Precipitation Impacts of Atmospheric Rivers Affecting the West Coast of North America Based on Eight Years of SSM/I Satellite Observations, Journal of Hydrometeorology, 9 (1): 22–47. Bibcode:2008JHyMe.9.22N, doi:10.1175/2007JHM855.1.
Newell, R.E.; Newell, N.E.; Zhu, Y. and Courtney, S. (1992). Troposphere rivers, A pilot study, Geophysics. Res. Lett., 19 (24): 2401–2404. Bibcode: 1992GeoRL.19.2401N, doi:10.1029/92GL02916.
Qhavidel, Y.; Farajzadeh, M. and Ahmadi, S.A. (2013). Heavy rain and moisture trans ferdynamics of the coast in the storm Genoa, Journal of Geographic Space, 13(44): 111-133.
Qhavidel, Y.; Farajzadeh, M. and Ahmadi, S. (2013). Resources and the dynamics of moisture transport to the shores of heavy precipitation during the storm Gonu. Journal of Geographic space Ahar , 13(44): 111-133. Ralph, F. Martin, et al. (2006). Flooding on California’s Russian River: Role of atmospheric rivers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33(13): L13801. Bibcode: 2006GeoRL. 3313801R, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026689.
Richard Kerr, A. (2006). Rivers in the Sky Are Flooding The World With Tropical Waters, Science, 313 (5786): 435. doi:10.1126/science .313.5786.435.PMID 16873624.
Smith, B. and Sandrea, Y. (2009). Water Vapor Fluxesand Orographic Precipitation over Northern California Associated with a Land falling Atmospheric RiverAmerican, Journal of Monthly Weather Review, 138: 74-100. Stohl, A.; Forster, C. and Sodermann, H. (2008). Remote sources of water vapor forming precipitation on the Norwegian west coast at 60°N–a tale of hurricanes and an atmospheric river, Journal of Geophysical Research 113, Retrieved 10 July 2012.
White, Allen B. (2009). The NOAA coastal atmospheric river observatory, 34th Conference on Radar Meteorology. www.cri.ac.ir. Zhu, Y. and Newell, R.E. (1994). Atmospheric rivers and bombs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21 (18): 1999–2002. Bibcode:1994GeoRL.21.1999Z, doi:10.1029/94GL01710. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 2,001 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,126 |
||