پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 158 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,230 |
| تعداد مقالات | 67,764 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 115,190,099 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 89,938,356 |
برآورد سری زمانی ارزش سطح دانش در اقتصاد ایران (1353-1392) | ||
| فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصادی | ||
| مقاله 9، دوره 51، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 116، آبان 1395، صفحه 709-734 اصل مقاله (8.8 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jte.2016.58944 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| علی حسین استادزاد* 1؛ ابراهیم هادیان2 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری/ دانشگاه شیراز | ||
| 2عضو هیات علمی/ دانشگاه شیراز | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در متون جدید مخارج تحقیق و توسعة (R&D) نقشمهمی در رشد اقتصادیایفا می‌کند. سرمایه‌گذاری در بخش تحقیق و توسعه سبب افزایش سطح دانش و افزایش سطح دانش، افزایش بهرهوری را درپی داشت و از کانال افزایش بهرهوری رشد اقتصادی بهبود مییابد. در مطالعات بسیاری که در زمینة تحقیق و توسعه انجام گرفته، از داده‌های واحدی برای این متغیر استفاده نشده است. دلیل این امر گزارش نشدن نیروی کار و همچنین سطح سرمایه در بخش تحقیق و توسعه (با دلیل پیچیدگی محاسبات و اندازهگیریهای این متغیر غیرقابل مشاهده) میباشد. در این مطالعه اولا سری زمانی سرمایه و نیروی کار در دورههای مختلف در بخش R&D محاسبه و پس از آن سطح دانش به عنوان یک متغیر غیرقابل مشاهده در تولید در نظر گرفته شده و با بسط یک الگوریتم بازگشتی چند هدفه سری زمانی برای ارزش دانش طی دورة 1353-1392 برآورد شده است. محاسبات انجام گرفته می‌تواند راه گشایی برای مطالعات بسیار مهم در آینده باشد. ذکر این نکته ضروری است که تمام برنامه نویسی الگوریتم بازگشتی بسط داده شده در نرم افزار متلب به صورت نرم افزاری نوشته شده است و برای کشورهای مختلف قابل بسط است. طبقه بندی : Q30 ,C61 ,C49 ,C15 | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| سطح دانش؛ مخارج R&D؛ الگوریتم ژنتیک؛ متغیرهای غیرقابل مشاهده؛ اقتصاد ایران | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Estimating the time series of knowledge level for Iranian economy (1974-2013) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Ali Hussein Ostadzad1؛ | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Research and developmentexpenditure (R&D) in new literature plays an important role in economic growth. Investment in R&D, increases level of knowledge and enhanced knowledge, increase production efficiency and from efficiency channel economic growth improves. Many studies have been done on the R&D not used unit of data for this variable. This is due to a lack of labor and the level of investment in R&D (because of the complexity of calculations and measurements of this invisible variable).In this study, the series of capital and labor at different periods in the R&D was calculated and then the level of knowledge is considered as an unobservable variable in the production. We develop a multi objective recursive algorithm and estimated the level of knowledge series value during 1974-2013.These calculations by the authors can be very important for future studies in field of R&D. It should be noted that all the programming of recursive algorithm developed by the authors in MATLAB software. And can be expanded for different countries. Research and developmentexpenditure (R&D) in new literature plays an important role in economic growth. Investment in R&D, increases level of knowledge and enhanced knowledge, increase production efficiency and from efficiency channel economic growth improves. Many studies have been done on the R&D not used unit of data for this variable. This is due to a lack of labor and the level of investment in R&D (because of the complexity of calculations and measurements of this invisible variable).In this study, the series of capital and labor at different periods in the R&D was calculated and then the level of knowledge is considered as an unobservable variable in the production. We develop a multi objective recursive algorithm and estimated the level of knowledge series value during 1974-2013.These calculations by the authors can be very important for future studies in field of R&D. It should be noted that all the programming of recursive algorithm developed by the authors in MATLAB software. And can be expanded for different countries. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| level of knowledge, costs of R&D, Genetic Algorithm, unobservable variables, Iranian Economy | ||
| مراجع | ||
Adams, James D. (2004). “Learning, Internal Research and Spillovers: Evidence from a Sample of R&D Laboratories”. Working Paper 0409, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Adams, James D., Chiang, Eric P., & Jensen, Jeffrey L. (2003). “The Influence of Federal Laboratory R&D on Industrial Research”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 12, 1003-1020.
AlAzzawi, S. (2004). “Foreign Direct Investment and Knowledge Flows: Evidence from Patent Citations”. University of California, Davis.
Alvarez, R., & Lopez, R. (2005). "Exporting and Performance: Evidence from Chilean Plants" Canadian Journal of Economics 1384-1400
Arellano, M., & Bover, O. (1995) “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error Components Models”. Journal of Econometrics, 68, 29-51
Baumol, William F. (2000). “The Free Market Innovation Machine: Analyzing the Growth Miracle of Capitalism”. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Blalock, G., & Gertler, P. (2004). "Learning from Exporting: Revisited in a Less Developed Setting" Journal of Development Economics, 27, 89-112
Blundell, R., & Bond S. (2000). “GMM estimation with persistent panel data: an application to production functions”. Econometric Reviews, 19(3), 321–340.
Canberra II Group (2006). “Capitalization of R&D”. Joint Expert Meeting, March 24, 2006.
Darby, Michael R., & Zucker, Lynne G. (2003). “Growing by Leaps and Inches: Creative Destrsuction, Real Cost Reduction and Inching Up”. Economic Inquiry, 16, 1-19.
Frantzen, D. (2002). “Intersectoral and International R&D Knowledge Spillovers and Total Factor Productivity”. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 3, 531- 545.
Fernandes, A. (2003). “Trade Policy, Trade Volumes and Plant-Level Productivity in Colombian Manufacturing Industries”. The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series: 3064.
Fraumeni, B. & Okubo, S. (2005). “R&D in the National Income and Product Accounts: A First Look at its Effect on GNP”. Measuring Capital in the New Economy, National Bureau of Economic Research, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Griliches, Z. (1986). “Productivity, R&D, and Basic Research at the Firm Level in the 1970’s”. American Economic Review, 18, 141-154.
Hall, Bronwyn H., Jaffe, A. B. & Trajtenberg, M. (2005). “Market Value and Patent Citations”. Rand Journal of Economics, 16-38.
Harhoff, D., Narin, F., Scherer, F. M. & Vopel, K. (1999). “Citation Frequency and the Value of Patented Inventions”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 511-515.
Jaffe, Adam B. (1986). “Technological Opportunity and Spillovers of R&D: Evidence from Firm’s Patents, Profits, and Market Value”. American Economic Review, 984-1001.
Jaffe, Adam B. (1988). “Demand and Supply Influences in R&D Intensity and Productivity Growth”., Review of Economics and Statistics (August 1988), pp. 431-437.
Jaffe, A., & Trajtenberg, M. (2002). “Patents, Citations and Innovations”., MIT Press, Cambridge.
Levinsohn, J. & Petrin A. (2003). “Estimating Production Functions Using Inputs to Control for Unobservables”. Review of Economic Studies, 70, 317–342.
Mansfield, E. (1995). “Academic Research Underlying Industrial Innovations: Sources, Characteristics, and Financing”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 42, 55-65.
Moretti, Enrico (2004). “Workers Education, Spillovers, and Productivity: Evidence from Plant-Level Production Functions”. American Economic Review, 656-690.
Nadiri, M. (1993). “Innovations and Technological Spillovers”. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 4423.
Nelson, Richard R. (1988). “Modeling the Connections in the Cross Section Between Technical Progress and R&D Intensity”. Rand Journal of Economics, 478-485.
Nordhaus, William D. (2004) “Schumpeterian Profits in the American Economy: Theory and Measurement”. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 10433, Cambridge.
Olley, G. S. & Pakes, A. (1996). “The Dynamics of Productivity in the Telecommunication Equipment Industry”. Econometrica, 1263-1297.
Ozler, S. & Yilmaz, K. (2001). “Does Trade Liberalization Increase Productivity? Plant Level Evidence from Turkish Manufacturing Industry", Working Paper, UCLA.
Park, J. (2004). “International and Intersectoral R&D Spillovers in the OECD and East Asian Economies”. Economic Inquiry, 739-757.
Pavcnik, N. (2002). “Trade Liberalization, Exit, and Productivity Improvements: Evidence from Chilean Plants”. The Review of Economic Studies, 69(1), 245.
Peri, G. (2005). “Determinants of Knowledge Flows and Their Effect on Innovation”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 17, 308-322.
Romer, P. (1990). “Endogenous Technical Change”. Journal of Political Economy, S71-S102.
Sena, V. (2004). “The Return of the Prince of Denmark: A Survey of Recent Developments in the Economics of Innovation,”. Economic Journal, 14, F312- F332.
Sivadasan, J. (2004). "Barriers to Entry and Productivity: Micro-Evidence from Indian Manufac-turing Sector Reforms" mimeo, University of Chicago.
Topalova, P. (2003). "Trade Liberalization and Firm Productivity: The Case of India", mimeo, MIT
Toole, A. (2007). “Does Public Biomedical Research Complement Private Pharmaceutical Research and Development Investment?”. Journal of Law and Economics,65, 81-104.
Wooldridge (2005). "On Estimating Firm-level Production Functions Using Proxy Variables to Control for Unobservables" mimeo, Michigan State University.
| ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,519 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,361 |
||