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تجربهی زیباییشناختی محیط | ||
نشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی | ||
مقاله 1، دوره 19، شماره 3، آبان 1393، صفحه 5-14 اصل مقاله (1.54 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jfaup.2014.55399 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
جهانشاه پاکزاد1؛ الهه ساکی* 2 | ||
1استاد دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران | ||
2کارشناس ارشد طراحی شهری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران | ||
چکیده | ||
در طول تاریخ بشریت، «زیبایی» همواره یکی از اجزای جداییناپذیر نیازهای انسان بوده، به طوری که مناقشه در مورد منشأ این مفهوم قدمتی حداقل 2.500 ساله داشته، مسیر خود را از قطعیت آغاز کرده، به عدم قطعیت منتهی شده و همواره در طیفی میان دو قطب ذهنیت و عینیت در حرکت بوده است؛ بدین صورت که در یک سر این طیف، نظریهپردازان، زیبایی را فارغ از ادراککننده و در پدیدهها میجویند، و در سر دیگرِ طیف، آن را در چشم بیننده دیده و صرفاً مشروط بر خشنودی حواسّ انسانی میپندارند. با نظر به شکلگیری خوانشهای جدیدتر از تجربهی زیباییشناختی، فقدان مطالعات در این حوزه و به خصوص در متون شهرسازی و طراحی شهری در ایران و اهمیت پرداختن به این مهم به لحاظ تأثیری که بر سلامت انسان و کارآیی زیستشناختی وی دارد، نوشتار حاضر سعی داشته با نظر به پدیدهی زیبا و با اتخاذ سه دیدگاه زیستشناختی، ادراکی و روانشناسیِ گشتالت منشأ زیبایی را در ادراککننده پیگیری کند و به دید بالنسبه جامعی از زیبایی و جایگاه آن در فرآیند ادراکی انسان دست یابد. بر این اساس، لذت زیباییشناختی تنها محدود به حسّ بینایی و تظاهر بیرونی شهر نیست، بلکه حاصل تأثیر کلیهی مقاصد طراحی بر حواسّ انسانی است. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
زیبایی ـ تجربهی زیباییشناختی ـ فرآیند ادراک ـ مغز | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Aesthetic Experience of Built Environment | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Jahanshah Pakzad1؛ Elahe Saki2 | ||
1PhD of Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture & Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University | ||
2Master of Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture & Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
Throughout human evolution history, beauty has always been one of the necessary integral components of human need. As Greer (2010) said, “one of the prehistoric human’s responses to the animal life around them was to etch and paint these animals on the walls of their caves. Turning them into art and rendering them beautiful was a natural response - a way to help make sense of a hostile and confusing world”. Likewise, people of old civilizations such as Babylon and Egypt used disciplined arrangements in their settlements structures. And they used concepts such as symmetry, order, harmony and etc. to express beauty in their living environment. This historical effort has been followed till today, which one of the main concerns of environmental design practitioners and theorists, especially in urban design, is creating and designing beautiful urban environments and places for people. In the storyline described, dispute about concept of beauty and its origin has been an ongoing discussion that dates back at least to 2.500 years ago. This storyline also could be seen as a single movement from certainty to doubt which according to Powers (2010) “reflects the growing complexity of the world surrounds us”. Though this evolutionary path has a repetitive oscillation between two polarities of subjectivity and objectivity. So that, according to Reber et al. (2004) in the former one, which is a rather rational understanding of beauty, aesthetic theorists, dating back at least to Plato, saw beauty as a property of an object that produces a pleasurable experience in any suitable perceiver. This special point of view tries to boil down the essence into formulae and models for further application. While in the latter one, which is a romantic understanding of beauty, theorists, dating back at least to the Sophists, proposed that beauty is based on personal experience and insight. So it can be defined only ‘in the eye of the beholder’. In this point of view, anything could be beautiful if it only pleases human senses and therefore, beauty is not that much open to explanation or proof. Most modern philosophical analyses, however, reject the objective versus subjective distinction and define beauty as a sense which emerges from patterns in the way people and objects relate. Despite frequent use of the concept and different definitions it has, the entity of it, still seems ambiguous. And at least in Iran, there is not a clear understanding of aesthetic experience in knowledge of environmental design. Regarding the importance of beauty in human health and significant role of aesthetic experience on bringing structural changes in the brain, this article, seeks to define aesthetic experience of human. For better understanding of aesthetic experience and its role in the process of perception, we adopt three different perspectives, including biological, cognitive and psychological perspectives. Consequently, we propose that aesthetic experience is caused by a multitude of senses, and beauty is grounded in the processing experiences of the perceiver that emerge from the interaction of stimulus properties and perceivers' cognitive and affective processes. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Beauty - Aesthetic Experience - Process of Perception - Brain | ||
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