Determination of Cluster Hydrodynamics in Bubbling Fluidized Beds by the EMMS Approach

[1] Soong, C. H., Tuzla, K. and Chen, J. C. (1994). Identification of Particle Clusters in Circulating Fluidized Beds, in Circulating Fluidized Beds Technology, A. A. Avidan, Ed., AIChE, New York, 615–620.

[2] Li, H., Xia, Y., Tung, Y. and Kwauk, M. (1991). Micro-visualization of cluster in a fast fluidized Bed, Powder Technol., 66 ,231–235.

[3] Horio, M. and Kuroki, H. (1994). "Three-dimensional flow visualization of dilute dispersed solids in bubbling and circulating fluidized beds." Chem. Eng. Sci., 49, 2413–
2421.

[4] Lin, Q., Wei, F. and Jin, Y. (2001). "Transient Density Signal Analysis and Two-Phase Micro Structure Flow in Gas–Solids Fluidization." Chem. Eng. Sci., 56, 2179–2189.

[5] Zhou, B., Li, H., Xia, Y. and Ma, X. (1994). Cluster Structure in a Circulating Fluidized Bed, Powder Technol., 78, 173–178.

[6] Sharma, A. K., Tuzla, K., Matsen, J. and Chen, J. C. (2000). Parametric Effects of Particles Size and Gas Velocity on Cluster Characteristics in Fast Fluidized Beds, Powder Technol., 111, 114–122.

[7] Manyele, S. V., Parssinen, J. H. and Zhu, J. X. (2002). "Characterizing Particle Aggregates in a High-Density and High-Flux CFB Riser." Chem. Eng. J., 88, 151–161.

[8] Cui, H., Mostoufi, N. and Chaouki, J. (2000). "Characterization of Dynamic Gas-Solid Distribution in Fluidized Beds." Chem. Eng. J., 79, 135–143.

[9] Mostoufi, N. and Chaouki, J. (1999). "Prediction of Effective Drag Coefficient in Fluidized Beds." Chem. Eng. Sci., 54, 851–858.

[10] Afsahi, F. A., Sotudeh-Gharebagh, R. and Mostoufi, N. (2009). "Clusters identification and characterization in gas-solid Fluidized bed by the wavelet analysis." Can. J. Chem. Eng., 87, 375-385.

[11] Cocco, R., Shaffer, F., Hays, R., Karri, R. and Knowlton, T. (2010). Particle clusters in and above fluidized beds. Powder Technol., 203, 3-11.

[12] Li, J. and Kwauk, M. (1994). Particle–Fluid Two-Phase Flow: The Energy- Minimization Multi-Scale Method. Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, PR China.

[13] Li, J. H., Kwauk, M. and Reh, L. (1992). Role of energy minimization in Gas-solid fluidization. In O. E. Potter and D. J. Nicklin, Fluidization. New York: Engineering Foundation. 83-90.

[14] Zhang, J. Y., Ge, W. J. and Li, H. (2005). "Simulation of heterogeneous structures and analysis of energy consumption in particle–fluid system with pseudo particle modeling." Chem. Eng. Sci., 60, 3091–3099.

[15] Grandell, J. (1976). Doubly Stochastic Poisson Processes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

[16] Kostinski, A. B. and Jameson, A. R. (1997). "Fluctuation properties of precipitation. Part1: on the deviations of single-size drop counts from the Poisson distribution." J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2174–2186.

[17] Lackermeier, U., Rudnick, C., Werther, J., Bredebusch, A. and Burkhardt, H. (2001). Visualization of flow structures inside a circulating fluidized bed by means of laser sheet an image processing. Powder Technol., 114, 71–83.

[18] Li, J., Cheng, C., Zhang, Z., Yuan, J., Nemet, A. and Fett, F. N. (1999). "The EMMS model and its application, development and updated concepts." Chem. Eng. Sci., 54, 5409–5425.

[19] Cheng, C., Ge, W. and Li, J. (2005). Multi-scale modeling of the axial heterogeneous structure with the EMMS approach. Internal Reports of Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

[20] Wang, W. and Li, J. (2007). "Simulation of gas-solid two-phase flow by a multiscale CFD approach: extension of the EMMS model to the sub-grid scale level." Chem. Eng. Sci., 62, 208–231.

[21] Yang, N., Wang, W., Ge, W., Wang, L. and Li, J. (2004). "Simulation of heterogeneous structure in a circulating fluidized bed riser by combining the two-fluid model with the EMMS approach." Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43, 5548–5561.

[22] Turton, R. and Levenspiel, O. (1986). A Short Note on the Drag Correlation for Spheres. Powder Technol., 47, 83–86.

[23] Davidson, J. F. and Harrison, D. (1963). Fluidized Particles, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

[24] Cai, P., Schiavetti, M., De Michele, G., Grazzini, G. C. and Miccio, M. (1994). Quantitative Estimation of Bubble Size in PFBC. Powder Technol., 80, 99–109.

[25] Ergun, S. (1952). "Fluid flow through packed columns." Chem. Eng. Proc., 48, 1159-1184.

[26] Wen, C. Y. and Yu, H. (1966). Mechanics of fluidization. Chem Engng Prog. Symp. Ser., 62, 100-111.

[27] Gidaspow, D. (1994). Multiphase Flow and Fluidization: Continuum and Kinetic Theory Description. Academic Press, New York.

[28] Xu, G. and Kato, K. (1999). "Hydrodynamic equivalent diameter for clusters in heterogeneous gas-solid flow." Chem. Eng. Sci., 54, 1837–1847.

[29] Bi, H. T. (2002). "Some issues on core-annulus and cluster models of circulating fluidized bed reactors." Can. J. Chem. Eng., 80, 809–817.

[30] Harris, A. T., Davidson, J. F. and Thorpe, R. B. (2002). The prediction of particle cluster properties in the near wall region of a vertical riser. Powder Technol., 127, 128–143.

[31] Mostoufi, N. and Chaouki, J. (2004). "Flow structure of the solids in gas-solid Fluidized beds." Chem. Eng. Sci., 54, 4217- 4227.

[32] Mostoufi, N. and Chaouki, J. (2000). "On the axial movement of solids in gas-solid fluidized beds." Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., 78, 911–920.

[33] Zuber, N. (1964). "On the dispersed two-phase flow in the laminar flow regime." Chem. Eng. Sci., 19, 897–917.

[34] Gu, W. K. and Chen, J. C. (1998). A model for solid concentration in circulating fluidized beds. In: Fan, L.S., Knowlton, T.M. (Eds.), Fluidization IX. Engineering Foundation, Durago, Colorado. 501–508.

[35] Zou, B., Li, H., Xia, Y. and Ma, X. (1994). Cluster structure in a circulating fluidized bed. Powder Technol., 78, 173–178.