مرور نظام‌مند مطالعات مربوط به پرسش‌های پژوهش در جهان

Agee, J. (2009). Developing qualitative research questions: A reflective process. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 22(4), 431-447. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390902736512

Alvesson, M., & Sandberg, J. (2013). Constructing research questions: Doing interesting research. Sage. http://digital.casalini.it/9781529675320

Andrews, R. (2003). Research questions. https://digital.casalini.it/9781441106766

Aslam, S., & Emmanuel, P. (2010). Formulating a researchable question: A critical step for facilitating good clinical research. Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS, 31(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7184.69003

Bandholm, T., Christensen, R., Thorborg, K., Treweek, S., & Henriksen, M. (2017). Preparing for what the reporting checklists will not tell you: the PREPARE Trial guide for planning clinical research to avoid research waste. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(20), 1494-1501. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097527

Bansard, E. (2024). Building an Interdisciplinary Research Question. Psycho-Oncologie, 18(2), 79-85.

Barroga, E., & Matanguihan, G. J. (2022). A practical guide to writing quantitative and qualitative research questions and hypotheses in scholarly articles. Journal of Korean medical science, 37(16). https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e121

Beck, S., Brasseur, T.-M., Poetz, M., & Sauermann, H. (2022). Crowdsourcing research questions in science. Research Policy, 51(4), 104491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2022.104491

Booth, A., Noyes, J., Flemming, K., Moore, G., Tunçalp, Ö., & Shakibazadeh, E. (2019). Formulating questions to explore complex interventions within qualitative evidence synthesis. BMJ Global Health, 4(Suppl 1), e001107.

Cambridge University Press. (n.d.). Criterion. In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved November 25, 2025, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/criterion

da Costa Santos, C. M., de Mattos Pimenta, C. A., & Nobre, M. R. (2007). The PICO strategy for the research question construction and evidence search. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 15(3), 508–511. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692007000300023

Connelly, L. M. (2015). Research questions and hypotheses. Medsurg Nursing, 24(6), 435-436.

Covvey, J. R., McClendon, C., & Gionfriddo, M. R. (2024). Back to the basics: Guidance for formulating good research questions. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 20(1), 66-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.09.009

Cummings, S. R., Browner, W. S., & Hulley, S. B. (2013). Conceiving the research question and developing the study plan. Designing Clinical Research, 4, 14-22.

Data, M. C., Mehta, A., Malley, B., & Walkey, A. (2016). Formulating the research question. Secondary Analysis of Electronic Health Records, 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43742-2_9

De, D., & Singh, S. (2019). Basic understanding of study types and formulating research question for a clinical trial. Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 10(3), 351. https://doi.org/10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_56_19

Díaz García, O., & Pérez Contell, J. (2022). Developing research questions in conversation with the literature: Operationalization & tool support. Empirical Software Engineering, 27, 174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-022-10204-8

Doody, O., & Bailey, M. E. (2016). Setting a research question, aim and objective. Nurse Researcher, 23(4). https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.23.4.19.s5

Dwivedi, S. N. (2023). How to Formulate a Research Question, Hypothesis and Objective for a Clinical Study? Central India Journal of Medical Research, 2(03), 3-7. https://doi.org/10.58999/cijmr.v2i03.133

Fandino, W. (2019). Formulating a good research question: Pearls and pitfalls. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 63(8), 611. https://doi.org/10.4103/ija.IJA_198_19

Farrugia, P., Petrisor, B. A., Farrokhyar, F., & Bhandari, M. (2010). Research questions, hypotheses and objectives. Canadian Journal of Surgery, 53(4), 278.

Folgueiras Bertomeu, P., & Sandín Esteban, M. P. (2023). The research question in hermeneutic phenomenology and grounded theory research. The Qualitative Report, 28(5), 1452-1472.  https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2023.5715

Ganesha, H., & Aithal, P. (2022). PHDRQ Model for Identifying Research Gaps and Formulating A Research Question During Ph. D. Program in India. International Journal of Case Studies in Business, IT and Education, 6(2), 408-421. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7221760

Goldschmidt, G., & Matthews, B. (2022). Formulating design research questions: A framework. Design Studies, 78, 101062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2021.101062

Haynes, R. B. (2006). Forming research questions. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 59(9), 881-886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.06.006

Heddle, N. M. (2007). The research question. Transfusion, 47(1), 15-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01084.x

Hosseini, M.-S., Jahanshahlou, F., Akbarzadeh, M. A., Zarei, M., & Vaez-Gharamaleki, Y. (2024). Formulating research questions for evidence-based studies. Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health, 2, 100046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glmedi.2023.100046

Hulley Stephen, B., Newman Thomas, B., & Cummings Steven, R. (1994). Designing clinical research, 57-73. https://tilda.tcd.ie/epidemiology-biostatistics-course/course-material/assets/Class2/ Designingclinicalresearch_4th-edition.pdf

Ibrahim, R. (2008). Setting up a research question for determining the research methodology. ALAM CIPTA International Journal on Sustainable Tropical Design Research & Practice, 3(1), 99-102.

Jones, R. (2003). Choosing a research question. Asia Pacific Family Medicine, 2(1), 42-44. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1444-1683.2003.00050.x

Kamper, S. J. (2018). Asking a question: linking evidence with practice. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 48(7), 596-597. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2018.0702

Khoo, E. M. (2012). Research questions and research objectives. Malaysian Family Physician, 13(3), 2.

Kishore, J., Vasundhra, S., & Anand, T. (2011). Formulation of a research question. Indian Journal of Medical Specialties, 2(2), 184-188. https://doi.org/10.7713/ijms.2011.0047

Kross, J., & Giust, A. (2019). Elements of research questions in relation to qualitative inquiry. The Qualitative Report, 24(1), 24-30. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2019.3426

Kumari, A., Sinha, B., & Ranjan, P. (2017). Research protocol development: basic concepts for clinicians. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 5(5), 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20171462

Lahat, A., Shachar, E., Avidan, B., Shatz, Z., Glicksberg, B. S., & Klang, E. (2023). Evaluating the use of large language model in identifying top research questions in gastroenterology. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 4164. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31412-2

Larson, B. (2020). DOURS: A heuristic for discovering research questions. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3688476

Lipowski, E. E. (2008). Developing great research questions. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 65(17), 1667-1670. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp070276

Liu, Y., Chen, S., Cheng, H., Yu, M., Ran, X., Mo, A., Tang, Y., & Huang, Y. (2024). CoQuest: Exploring Research Question Co-Creation with an LLM-based Agent. 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Sytems, CHI 2024, https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642698

Liu, Y., Yu, M., Jiang, M., & Huang, Y. (2023). Creative Research Question Generation for Human-Computer Interaction Research. IUI Workshops.

Majid, U. (2017). Research Fundamentals: The research question, outcomes, and background. Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology Journal, 1, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.14

Mattick, K., Johnston, J., & de la Croix, A. (2018). How to… write a good research question. The clinical teacher, 15(2), 104-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/tct.12776

Mayo, N. E., Asano, M., & Barbic, S. P. (2013). When is a research question not a research question? Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 45(6), 513-518.

Mbuagbaw, L., & Thabane, L. (2017). The framing of research questions using the PICOT format in randomized controlled trials of venous ulcer disease is sub-optimal: a systematic survey Luciana PF Abbade, PhD; Mei Wang, 2 MD; Kamath Sriganesh, DM; 3, 4 Yanling Jin, 2 MSc. https://doi.org/10.1111/wrr.12592

McCauley, A., & Ruggeri, A. (2020). Formulating Research Questions & Designing Research Projects in International Relations1. The Handbook of Research Methods in Political Science and International Relations, Sage: London.

Mehrabadi, A., Austin, N., Keyes, K. M., & De Vera, M. A. (2024). It’s personal: navigating research questions that stem from our lived experiences. International Journal of Epidemiology, 53(6), Dyae132. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyae132

Nishikawa-Pacher, A. (2022). Research questions with PICO: a universal mnemonic. Publications, 10(3), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications10030021

Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Leech, N. L. (2006). Linking research questions to mixed methods data analysis procedures. The Qualitative Report, 11(3), 474-498. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2006.1663

Parathasarathy, S., Samantaray, A., & Jain, D. (2023). A well-formulated research question: The foundation stone of good research. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 67(4), 326-327. https://doi.org/10.4103/ija.ija_226_23

Pecher, D., Chu, Z., & Byrd, V. L. (2020). Developing Research Questions: A method for transforming a question into a problem statement. 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE44824.2020.9274275

Qiu, L., Ikeda, F., & Yamashita, N. (2024). Development of Logic-Based Question Classification Methods to Measure the Ability to Ask Questions Essential for Setting Research Questions. Integrated Science Education Journal, 5(2), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.37251/isej.v5i2.1003

Ratan, S. K., Anand, T., & Ratan, J. (2019). Formulation of research question–Stepwise approach. Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons, 24(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.4103/jiaps.JIAPS_76_18

Raymond, J., Chan, V., & Darsaut, T. (2023). Understanding how the research question impacts trial design: Examples from discectomy trials. Neurochirurgie, 69(4), 101460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2023.101460

Rios, L. P., Ye, C., & Thabane, L. (2010). Association between framing of the research question using the PICOT format and reporting quality of randomized controlled trials. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 10(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-10-11

Sánchez-Martín, M., Plana, M. P., Gea, A. I. P., & Navarro-Mateu, F. (2023). And, at first, it was the research question… The PICO, PECO, SPIDER and FINER formats [Y, al principio, fue la pregunta de investigación… Los formatos PICO, PECO, SPIDER y FINER]. Espiral. Cuadernos del Profesorado, 16(32), 126-136. https://doi.org/10.25115/ecp.v16i32.9102

Seehusen, D. A., & Weaver, S. P. (2009). Resident research in family medicine: where are we now. Family Medicine, 41(9), 663-668.

Shahapur, P. R., Vadakedath, S., Bharadwaj, V. G., Kumar, P., Pinnelli, V. B., Godishala, V., & Kandi, V. (2022). Research question, objectives, and endpoints in clinical and oncological research: A comprehensive review. Cureus, 14(9). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.29575

Sharma, D., Barla, M. A., & Roushan, R. (2023). Synopsis Writing Guidelines for Health Research Project. Journal of Advanced Research in Medical Science & Technology, 10(1&2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.24321/2394.6539.202305

Shimada, H. (2017). The Process of Forming Research Questions: Undergraduate Students' Writing Graduation Theses at Waseda University Waseda University].

Shrier, I., & Suzuki, E. (2022). The primary importance of the research question: Implications for understanding natural versus controlled direct effects. In (Vol. 51, pp. 1041-1046): Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyac090

Skipper, L. K., & Skipper, P. J. (2024). Experimental Design and Scientific Data Analysis. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003397137

Solarino, A. M., Rose, E. L., & Luise, C. (2024). Going complex or going easy? The impact of research questions on citations. Scientometrics, 129(1), 127-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-023-04907-y

Stern, M. J., & Powell, R. B. (2024). Identifying relevant research questions: A tentative framework for inquiry in interpretation research. Journal of Interpretation Research, 29(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/10925872241249319

Thabane, L., Thomas, T., Ye, C., & Paul, J. (2009). Posing the research question: not so simple. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, 56(1), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-008-9007-4

Thelwall, M., & Mas-Bleda, A. (2020). How common are explicit research questions in journal articles? Quantitative Science Studies, 1(2), 730-748. https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00041

Twycross, A. (2004). Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Nurse Researcher, 12(1), 82-84.

Voss, G. B. (2003). Formulating interesting research questions. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 31(3), 356-359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070303031003020

Willis, L. D. (2023). Formulating the research question and framing the hypothesis. Respiratory Care, 68(8), 1180-1185. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.10975