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Tracing Cognitive Dissonance as Invisible Disability in Ernest Hemingway’s “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” | ||
| پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان | ||
| دوره 31، شماره 2، خرداد 1405، صفحه 307-326 اصل مقاله (437.03 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jor.2025.402931.2735 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Amirhossein Mohammadi؛ Hossein Mohseni* | ||
| Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده | ||
| This present article examines Ernest Hemingway’s “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” through the critical lens of disability studies, with a specific focus on cognitive dissonance as an invisible disability. While Hemingway’s work has long been associated with themes of physical injury and hypermasculinity, this study explores how mental and psychological impairments, less visible yet equally debilitating, are embedded within the author’s minimalist narrative framework. Drawing on Leon Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance and the foundational insights of Lennard J. Davis on disability studies, the study argues that the protagonist Harry’s internal conflict, marked by regret and self-deception, constitutes a form of psychological impairment hidden beneath the more conspicuous signs of physical decline. By juxtaposing Harry’s gangrene with his deteriorating mental state, the analysis challenges traditional binaries of mind/body and visible/invisible affliction. The article further places Harry’s cognitive dissonance within the cultural pressures of Hemingway’s masculinist ethos, suggesting that the suppression of emotional vulnerability contributes to his spiritual and artistic demise. Ultimately, it should be maintained that this reading of “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” offers a unique understanding of Harry’s identity as a disabled individual, and reveals how an examination of invisible disabilities can challenge the normative understanding of masculinity and artistic authenticity. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Hemingway؛ “The Snows of Kilimanjaro”؛ Disability Studies؛ Invisible Disabilities؛ Cognitive Dissonance | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Azizi, Nemat, and Shirin Karami. 2025. “Tracing Literary Influence: Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea and Munif’s The Unfinished Bridge.” Research in Contemporary World Literature 30 (2): 635-663, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.22059/jor.2025.380331.2554. Burnam, Tom. 1955. “Primitivism and Masculinity in the Work of Ernest Hemingway.” Modern Fiction Studies 1 (3): 20-24, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26276885. Davis, Lennard J. 2002. Bending Over Backwards: Essays on Disability and the Body. New York: NYU Press. Davis, Lennard J. 1995. Enforcing Normalcy: Disability, Deafness, and the Body. New York and London: Verso Books. Dodman, Trevor. 2006. “Going All to Pieces: A Farewell to Arms as Trauma Narrative.” Twentieth Century Literature 52 (3): 249-74, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20479772. Dykhouse, Emily M., and Stephen Hemenway. 2022. “‘You Always Feel Trapped Biologically’: The Abuses of the Human Body in A Farewell to Arms Through Disability and Transgender Studies.” Academia.edu Journals, www.academia.edu/110162981/_You_Always_Feel_Trapped_Biologically_The_Abuses_of_the_Human_Body_in_A_Farewell_to_Arms_Through_Disability_and_Transgender_Studies. Evans, Oliver. 1961. “‘The Snows of Kilimanjaro’: A Revaluation.” PMLA 76 (5): 601-07, https://www.jstor.org/stable/460554. Festinger, Leon. 1962. “Cognitive Dissonance.” Scientific American 207 (4): 93-106. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24936719. Fore, Dana. 2007. “Life Unworthy of Life?: Masculinity, Disability, and Guilt in The Sun Also Rises.” The Hemingway Review 26 (2): 74-88, https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hem.2007.0004. Hagood, Taylor. 2010. “Disability Studies and American Literature.” Literature Compass 7 (6): 387-96, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4113.2010.00710.x. Harding, Jennifer Riddle. 2011. “‘He Had Never Written a Word of That’: Regret and Counterfactuals in Hemingway’s ‘The Snows of Kilimanjaro’.” The Hemingway Review 30 (2): 21-35, https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hem.2011.0024. Hemingway, Ernest. 1960. Death in the Afternoon. New York: Scribner. Hemingway, Ernest. 1991. The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. New York: Scribner. Hendry, Gillian, et al. 2022. “‘I Just Stay in the House so I Don’t Need to Explain’: A Qualitative Investigation of Persons with Invisible Disabilities.” Disabilities 2 (1): 45-63. Kafer, Alison. 2013. Feminist, Queer, Crip. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Kübler, Martina Simone. 2023. White Male Disability in Modernist Literature: Reading Lawrence, Hemingway, and Faulkner. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter Brill. Mansouri, Mehrzad. 2008. “The Role of Repetition of Linguistic Elements in the Analysis of a Short Story.” Research in Contemporary World Literature 13 (46): 117-133. McLeod, Jane D. 2023. “Invisible Disabilities and Inequality.” Social Psychology Quarterly 86 (1): 6-29. Mitchell, David T., and Sharon L. Snyder. 2000. Narrative Prosthesis: Disability and the Dependencies of Discourse. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Robin, Dominic. 2024. “A Space to Be: Ability, Disability, and the Inevitability of Corporeal Decline in Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea.” Disability Studies Quarterly 43 (3). https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v43i3.7681. Samuels, Ellen. 2017. “My Body, My Closet: Invisible Disability and the Limits of Coming Out.” In The Disability Studies Reader, edited by Lennard J. Davis, 5th ed., 504-27. London and New York: Routledge. Slaughter, Carolyn. 2017. “Ernest Hemingway, the Man, the Girl, and the Genius.” In Phallacies: Historical Intersections of Disability and Masculinity, edited by Kathleen M. Brian and James W. Trent Jr., 321-35. Oxford: Oxford University Press. | ||
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