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Rouhani, Abdulmannan, Dashtian, Amir Hossein, Sayedi, Nader, Elmi, Mohammad Reza, Basma, Ghazwa, Hamade, Batoul, Al Souki, Karim Suhail. (1405). Lead-Zinc Mining in Iran and Its Soil Legacy: Potentially Toxic Elements and Implemented Remediation Strategies. , 12(2), 698-714. doi: 10.22059/poll.2026.411433.3298
Abdulmannan Rouhani; Amir Hossein Dashtian; Nader Sayedi; Mohammad Reza Elmi; Ghazwa Basma; Batoul Hamade; Karim Suhail Al Souki. "Lead-Zinc Mining in Iran and Its Soil Legacy: Potentially Toxic Elements and Implemented Remediation Strategies". , 12, 2, 1405, 698-714. doi: 10.22059/poll.2026.411433.3298
Rouhani, Abdulmannan, Dashtian, Amir Hossein, Sayedi, Nader, Elmi, Mohammad Reza, Basma, Ghazwa, Hamade, Batoul, Al Souki, Karim Suhail. (1405). 'Lead-Zinc Mining in Iran and Its Soil Legacy: Potentially Toxic Elements and Implemented Remediation Strategies', , 12(2), pp. 698-714. doi: 10.22059/poll.2026.411433.3298
Rouhani, Abdulmannan, Dashtian, Amir Hossein, Sayedi, Nader, Elmi, Mohammad Reza, Basma, Ghazwa, Hamade, Batoul, Al Souki, Karim Suhail. Lead-Zinc Mining in Iran and Its Soil Legacy: Potentially Toxic Elements and Implemented Remediation Strategies. , 1405; 12(2): 698-714. doi: 10.22059/poll.2026.411433.3298

Lead-Zinc Mining in Iran and Its Soil Legacy: Potentially Toxic Elements and Implemented Remediation Strategies

Pollution
دوره 12، شماره 2، مرداد 2026، صفحه 698-714    اصل مقاله (644.38 K)
نوع مقاله: Review Paper
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/poll.2026.411433.3298
نویسندگان
Abdulmannan Rouhani* 1؛ Amir Hossein Dashtian2؛ Nader Sayedi2؛ Mohammad Reza Elmi3؛ Ghazwa Basma1؛ Batoul Hamade1؛ Karim Suhail Al Souki4
1Department of Environment, Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 15, CZ-400 96 Czech Republic
2Graduate of department of Environment, School of Natural Resources and Desert Studies, Yazd University, Daneshgah Boulevard, Safayieh, PO Box 89158-18411, Yazd, Iran, Iran
3Department of Environment, School of Natural Resources and Desert Studies, Yazd University, Daneshgah Boulevard, Safayieh, PO Box 89158-18411, Yazd, Iran
4Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 15, CZ-400 96 Czech Republic
چکیده
Lead-zinc mining supports national economies but generates soil contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTEs). This review synthesizes published evidence from Iranian lead-zinc regions, examines contamination trends, and discusses the remediation techniques employed. Across the reviewed Iranian studies, soils adjacent to mining operations commonly showed elevated Pb, Zn, and Cd, whereas As and Cu were reported less consistently and generally formed more localized hotspots that decreased with distance from source areas. Two principal transport mechanisms were prevalent: the wind-driven movement of fine tailings dust and the drainage from tailings and waste rock. These were influenced by the surrounding geology, with carbonate settings mitigating acidity but not reducing metal concentrations, while sulfide or shale environments promoted acid mine drainage and increased mobility. Four classes of remediation have been investigated. Among the remediation approaches reported in the reviewed literature, phytoremediation is predominantly utilized, with results frequently supporting phytostabilization using resilient native plants; however, genuine phytoextraction occurred rarely and is adapted to specific locations. Incorporating biochar (at approximately 1-3% w/w) reduced the mobility and bioavailability of of Pb, Zn, and Cd. Electrokinetic remediation was effective for fine-grained, saturated hotspots when electrolyte chemistry and pH fronts were controlled (e.g., citric-acid) and was best integrated into a treatment train. Biomineralization showed potential in calcareous settings, with laboratory evidence for carbonate co-precipitation/incorporation of Pb-Zn-Cd but still requires field validation and ammonium management. By matching treatments to site geochemistry and using standardized performance metrics, lead-zinc mine soils can be managed from hotspot control to durable, monitored risk reduction.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Lead-zinc mine؛ soil pollution؛ potentially toxic elements؛ remediation strategies
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