Structural study of the crust from gravity data: case of the Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo-Lere basins (Central Africa)

[1]. Pham, L.T., Eldosouky, A.M., Oksum, E., Saada, S.A. (2020a). A new high resolution filter for source edge detection of potential field data. Geocarto International, 1-18. Doi: 10.1080/10106049.2020.1849414.

[2]. Oksum, E., Le, D.V., Vu, M.D., Nguyen, T.H.T., Pham, L.T. (2021). A novel approach based on the fast sigmoid function for interpretation of potential field data. Bulletin of Geophysics and Oceanography, 62(3): 543-556. https://doi.org/10.4430/bgta0348

[3].   Eldosouky, A.M., Pham, L.T., and Henaish, A. (2022). High precision structural mapping using edge filters of potential field and remote sensing data: a case study from Wadi Umm Ghalqa area, south eastern Desert, Egypt. Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Space Sci., 25, 501-513, doi: 10.1016/j.ejrs.2022.03.001.

[4]. Kafadar, O. (2017). CURVGRAV-GUI : a graphical user interface to interpret gravity data using curvature technique. Earth Sci. Inf., 10, 525-537.

[5]. Pham, L.T., Do, T.D., Oksum, E. (2018). A new method for edge detection in interpretation of potential feld data. Journal of Engineering Sciences and Design, 6(4), 637-642.

[6]. Oksum, E., Dolmaz, M.N., Pham, L.T. (2019). Inverting gravity anomalies over the Burdur sedimentary basin, SW Turkey. Acta Geod. Geophys., 54, 445-460.

[7].   Eldosouky, A.M., Pham, L.T., Mohammed, H., Pradhan, B. (2020). A comparative study of THG, AS, TA, Theta, TDX and LTHG techniques for improving source boundaries detection of magnetic data using synthetic models : a case study from G. Um Monqul, north Eastern Desert, Egypt. J. Afr. Earth Sci., 170, 103940.

[8]. Cordell. L., and Grauch, V.J.S. (1985). Mapping basement magnetization zones from aeromagnetic data in the San Juan basin, New Mexico. In: Hinze W.J. (ed), The utility of regional gravity and magnetic maps. Publ. Soc. Explor. Geophys., 181-197, doi: 10.1190/1.0931830346.ch16.

[9]. Roest, W.R., Verhoef, J., and Pilkington, M. (1992). Magnetic interpretation using the 3 D analytic signal. Geophys., 57, 116-125.

[10]. Fedi, M., Florio, G. (2001). Detection of potential fields source boundaries by enhanced horizontal derivative method. Geophys Prospect., 49, 40-58.

[11].  Nasuti, Y., Nasuti, A., Moghadas, D. (2019). STDR: a novel approach for enhancing and edge detection of potential field data. Pure Appl Geophys., 176(2), 827-841.

[12]. Tatchum, C.N., Tabod, T.C., Koumetio, F., Manguelle-Dicoum, E. (2011). A Gravity Model Study for Differentiating Vertical and Dipping Geological Contacts with Application to a Bouguer Gravity Anomali Over the Foumban Shear Zone, Cameroon. Geophysica, 47(1-2), 43-55.

[13]. Pham, L.T., Oksum, E., Le, D.V., Ferreira, F.J.F., Le, S.T. (2021). Edge detection of potential field sources using the softsign function. Geocarto International, 1-14. Doi: 10.1080/10106049.2021.1882007.

[14]. Miller, H.G., and Singh, V. (1994). Potential field tilt a new concept for location of potential field sources. J. Appl. Geophys., 32, 213-217, doi: 10.1016/0926-9851(94)90022-1.

[15]. Verduzco, B., Fairhead, J.D., Green, C.M. and MacKenzie, C. (2004). New insights into magnetic derivatives for structural mapping. Lead. Edge, 23, 116-119.

[16].  Cooper, G.R.J., and Cowan, D.R. (2006). Enhancing potential field data using filters based on the local phase. Comput. Geosci., 32, 1585-1591.

[17]. Deniz Toktay H., Aydogan D., and Yüksel F. (2021a). Quantitative analysis of total magnetic anomaly maps on archaeological sites - Part 1. Math. Methods Appl. Sci., 44, 13696-13710.

[18]. Deniz Toktay H., Aydogan D., and Yüksel F. (2021b). Quantitative analysis of total magnetic anomaly maps on archaeological sites - Part 2. Math. Methods Appl. Sci., 44, 13684-13695.

[19]. Eldosouky A.M., El-Qassas R.A.Y., Pour A.B., Mohamed H., and Sekandari M. (2021). Integration of ASTER satellite imagery and 3D inversion of aeromagnetic data for deep mineral exploration. Adv. Space Res., 68, 3641- 3662.

[20]. Pham, L.T., and Prasad K.N.D. (2023). Analysis of gravity data for extracting structural features of the northern region of the central Indian Ridge. Vietnam J. Earth Sci., 45, 147-163, doi: 10.15625/2615-9783/18206.

[21]. Alvandi, A., Su, K., Ai, H., Ardestani, V.E., and Lyu. C. (2023a). Enhancement of potential field source boundaries using the hyperbolic domain (Gudermannian function).  Miner., 13, 1312, doi: 10.3390/min13101312.

[22]. Ai H., Ekinci Y.L., Alvandi A., Deniz Toktay H., Balkaya Ç. and Roy, A. (2024a). Detecting edges of geologic sources from gravity or magnetic anomalies through a novel algorithm based on hyperbolic tangent function, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 33(6). https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0985.1936

[23]. Ai, H., Deniz Toktay, H., Alvandi, A., Pasteka, R., Su, K., and Liu, Q. (2024b). Advancing potential field data analysis: the Modified Horizontal Gradient Amplitude method (MHGA). Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy, 54(2), 119-143. https://doi.org/10.31577/congeo.2024.54.2.1

[24]. Alvandi, A., Ardestani, V. E., and Motavalli-Anbaran, S.H. (2024). Novel Detectors Based on the Elliott Function for Mapping Potential Field Data: Application to Aeromagnetic Data from Indiana, United States. Annals of Geophysics, 67(6), GP656. https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-9146

[25]. Deniz Toktay, H., Prasad, K.N.D., and Alvandi, A. (2024). Edge enhancement of potential field data using the Enhanced Gradient (EG) filter. Bull. Miner. Res. Explor., 174, 55-66, doi: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1386653.

[26]. Alvandi, A., Toktay, H.D., and Pham, L. (2022). Capability of improved Logistics filter in determining lateral boundaries and edges of gravity and magnetic anomalies Tuzolu Area Turkey, Journal of Mining Engineering, 17(56), 57-72 doi:10.22035/ijme.2022.538985.1889

[27]. Alvandi, A., Ardestani, V. E., and Motavalli-Anbaran, S. H. (2025). Enhancement of the total horizontal gradient of potential field data using the Modified Gudermannian Function (MGTHG): application to aeromagnetic data from Georgia, USA. Bulletin of Geophysics and Oceanography, 66(1), 73-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4430/bgo00479

[28]. Ntsama Atangana, J.A. (2013). Magnetostratigraphy and sedimentology of the Cretaceous formations of the Hamakoussou and Mayo Oulo-Lere sedimen‌tary basins in North Cameroon (Benue trough) [Ph.D. thesis]. Poitiers: University of Poitiers. (in French).

[29]. Ngako, V., Jegouzo, P., Soba, D. (1989). Deformation and metamorphism in the Pan-African Poli chain (Northern-Cameroon): Geodynamic and paleo‌geographic implications. Journal of African Earth Sciences. 9, 541–555. (in French).

[30]. Guiraud, R., Maurin, J.C. (1991). Rifting in Africa in the Lower Cretaceous: Structural synthesis, demonstration of two stages in the genesis of the basins, relationships with peri-African ocean‌ic openings. Report of the Geological Society of France. 162(5), 811–823. (in French). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.162.5.811

[31].  Ndjeng, E. (1992). Studies of the sedimentation and geodynamic model of two Lower Cretaceous basins of Cameroon: Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo-Lere [Ph.D. thesis]. Yaounde: University of Yaounde. (in French).

[32]. Gèze, B. (1941). On the volcanic Massifs of Western Cameroon. Report of Academic Sciences of Paris. 212, 498–500. (in French).

[33]. Bessong, M. (2012). Paleoenvironments and dia‌genesis in a Cretaceous sandstone reservoir of the Benue trough in North Cameroon: The Garoua sandstone [Ph.D. thesis]. Poitiers: University of Poitiers. (in French).

[34]. Abate Essi, J.M., Marcel, J., Diab, D.A., et al. (2019). Gravity modeling of the Au-U mineralized crust at the North-Central Cameroon illustrating crutal permeability. Natural Resources Research. 29, 473–497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-019-09506-4

[35]. Abubakar, A.J., Hashim, M., Beiranvand, A.P. (2018). Identification of hydrothermal alteration minerals associated with geothermal system using ASTER and Hyperion satellite data: A case study from Yankari Park, NE Nigeria, Geocarto International. 34(6), 597–625. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2017.142 1716

[36]. Eyike, A., Werner, S.C., Ebbing, J., et al. (2010). On the use of global potential field models for region‌al interpretation of the west and central African rift system. Tectonophysics. 492(1–4), 25–39.

[37]. Abate Essi, J.M., Marcel, J., Yene Atangana, J.Q., et al. (2017). Interpretation of gravity data derived from the Earth Gravitational Model EGM2008 in the Center–North Cameroon: Structural and min‌ing implications. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 10, 130. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-2919-y

[38]. Bouba, A., Kamguia, J., Tabod, C.T., et al. (2017). Sub‌surface Structural Mapping Using Combined Ter‌restrial and Grace Gravity Data of the Adamawa Plateau (North Cameroon). International Journal of Geosciences. 8(7), 869–887. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2017.87050

[39]. Saidou, B., Bouba, A., Oyoa, V., et al. (2024). Crustal Structures Inferred from Combined Terrestrial and Earth Gravity Data beneath the Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo Lere Basins, North Cameroon and South Chad. Earth and Planetary Science. 3(1): 21–34. DOI: https://doi. org/10.36956/eps.v3i1.928

[40]. Collignon, F. (1968). Gravimetry of the recognition of the Republic of Cameroon, ORSTOM. (in French).

[41]. Louis, P. (1970). Geophysical contribution to the knowledge of the Lake Chad basin. OSTROM Mem‌ory: Paris. (in French).

[42]. Poudjom-Djomani, Y.H., Diament, M., Wilson, M. (1997). Lithospheric structure across the Adamawa plateau (Cameroon) from gravity studies. Tectono‌physics. 273(3–4), 317–  327. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(96) 00280-6

[43]. Yushan, Y., Yuanyuan L. (2017). Crustal structure of the Dabie orogenic belt (eastern China) inferred from gravity and magnetic data. Tectonophysics. 17:1–17.

[44]. Marcel, J., Abate Essi, J.M., Njandjock, N.P., Meli, I.L., Mahamat, A., Manguelle- Dicoum, E. (2018). Geodynamic insights of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (Western Africa) from isostatic gravity anomalies. J Geodyn., 121, 36-48.

[45]. Pavlis, N.K., Holmes, S.A., Kenyon, S.C., et al. (2012). The development and evaluation of the  Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008). Journal of Geophysical Research. 117(B4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008916

[46]. Saibi, H., Aboud, E., and Ehara, S. (2012). Analysis and interpretation of gravity data from the Aluto-Langano geothermal field of Ethiopia. Acta Geophys., 60, 318-336.

[47]. Prasad, K.N.D., Pham, L.T., Singh, A.P., Eldosouky, A.M., Abdelrahman, K., Fnais, M.S., and Gómez-Ortiz, D. (2022a). A novel Enhanced Total Gradient (ETG) for interpretation of magnetic data. Miner., 12, 1468, doi: 10.3390/ min12111468.

[48]. Prasad, K.N.D., Pham, L.T., and Singh, A.P. (2022b). A novel filter “ImpTAHG” for edge detection and a case study from Cambay Rift basin, India. Pure Appl. Geophys., 179, 2351-2364.

[49]. Pham, L.T., Oksum, E., Do, T.D., and Vu, M.D. (2020b). Comparison of different approaches of computing the tilt angle of the total horizontal gradient and tilt angle of the analytic signal amplitude for detecting source edges. Bull. Mineral Res. Explor., 163, 17, doi: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.746858.

[50]. Eldosouky, A.M., and Saada, S.A. (2020). Source edge detection (SED) of aeromagnetic data: synthetic examples and a case study from Haimur area, south Eastern Desert, Egypt. Arabian J. Geosci., 13, 1-12.

[51].  Ferreira, F.J.F., de Souza, J., Bongiolo, A.B.S., and de Castro, L.G. (2013). Enhancement of the total horizontal gradient of magnetic anomalies using the tilt angle. Geophys., 78, J33-J41.

[52]. Nayak, A.K., and Pal, A. (2019). Development and validation of an adsorption kinetic model at solid-liquid interface using normalized Gudermannian function. J. Mol. Liq., 276, 67-77.

[53]. Alvandi, A., Toktay, H., and Ardestani, V.E. (2023b). Edge detection of geological structures based on a logistic function: a case study for gravity data of the western Carpathians. Int. J. Min. Geo-Eng., 57, 267-274, doi: 10.22059/ijmge.2023.353516.595018.

[54]. Alvandi, A., and Ardestani, V.E. (2023c). Edge detection of potential field anomalies using the Gompertz function as a high-resolution edge enhancement filter. Bull. Geophys. Ocean., 64, 279-300.

[55]. Ibraheem, I.M., Tezkan, B., Ghazala, H., and Othman, A.A. (2023). A new edge enhancement filter for the interpretation of magnetic field data. Pure Appl. Geophys., 180, 2223-2240.

[56]. Pham, L.T. (2023). A novel approach for enhancing potential fields: application to aeromagnetic data of the Tuangiao, Vietnam. Eur. Phys. J. Plus., 138, 1134, doi: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04760-1.

[57]. Zeng, H., Xu, D., Tan, H. (2007). A model study for estimating optimum upward continuation height for gravity separation with application to a Bou‌guer gravity anomaly over a mineral deposit, Jilin province, northeast China. Geophysics. 72(4), 145–150.

[58]. Nlen wounle, B.Y., Oyoa, V., Gouet, D.H., Ekoro, N.H.L., Njandjock, N.P., Doka, Y.S. (2022). Structural study of the transition zone between the Benue and Lake Chad Basins (Central Africa) using gravity data. Geocarto International, DOI: 10.1080/10106049.2022.2120636

[59]. Bouba, A., Njeudjang, K., Aime, M.J., Raouf, A., Ghomsi, F.E.K., Pham, L.T. (2024). Analyzing Structural Lineaments in the Garoua Sedimentary Basin via SGGUGM-2 Gravity Data: 

Enhanced edge-detection techniques. Environmental and Earth Sciences Research Journal. 11(2), 28-35. https://doi.org/10.18280/eesrj.110201

[60]. Kamto, P.G., Oksum, E., Yap, L. et al. (2024). High precision structural mapping using advanced gravity processing methods: a case study from the North region of Cameroon. Acta Geophys. 72, 2263-2280.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-023-01211-4

[61].  Mouzong, M.P., Kamguia, J., Nguiya, S., Shandini, Y., Manguelle- Dicoum, E. (2014). Geometrical and structural characterization of garoua sedimentary basin, Benue trough, North Cameroon, using gravity data. J Biol and Earth Sciences. 4 (1):25-33.

[62]. Fofie, K.A.D., Koumetio, F., Kenfack, J.V., Yemele, D. (2019). Lineament characteristics using gravity data in the Garoua Zone, North Cameroon: natural risks implications. Earth Planet Phys. 3(1), 33-44.

[63]. Ghomsi, F.E.K., Pham, L.T., Steffen, R., Ribeiro-Filho, N., Tenzer, R. (2022). Delineating structural features of North Cameeroon using the EIGEN6C4 high-resolution global gravitational model. Geol J. 57(10), 4285-4299.

[64]. Nlen wounle, B.Y., Oyoa, V., Njandjock, N.P., Doka, Y.S. (2023). A new MATLAB code for locating lineaments in the earth’s crust from gravity data-a case of the transition zone between Benue basin and Lake Chad basin: cameroon. Arab J Geosci. 16(12). doi:  10.1007/s12517-023- 11797-0.