بررسی فراهمی زیستی عناصر سنگین در خاک و گیاه خرفه در اثر آبیاری با فاضلاب صنعتی و کاربرد لجن فاضلاب

Aftab, K., Iqbal, S., Khan, M. R., Busquets, R., Noreen, R., Ahmad, N., ... & Ouladsmane, M. (2023). Wastewater-irrigated vegetables are a significant source of heavy metal contaminants: toxicity and health risks. Molecules, 28(3), 1371.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031371.

Alagić, S. Č., Šerbula, S. S., Tošić, S. B., Pavlović, A. N., & Petrović, J. V. (2013). Bioaccumulation of arsenic and cadmium in birch and lime from the Bor region. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 65(4), 671-682.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-013-9948-7.

Ayers, R. S., & Westcot, D. W. (1985). Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29, Revised 1.

Balengayabo, J. G., Kassenga, G. R., Mgana, S. M., & Salukele, F. (2024). Impact of recurring irrigation with treated domestic wastewater on heavy metal accumulation in the soil. Agricultural Water Management, 297, 108814.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2024.108814.

Balkhair, K. S., & Ashraf, M. A. (2016). Field accumulation risks of heavy metals in soil and vegetable crop irrigated with sewage water in western region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 23(1), S32-S44.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.023.

Bancuta, I., Chilian, A., Bancuta, O. R., Stan, F., Mihai, S., & Miron-Alexe, V. (2022). Assessment of heavy metals accumulation in wheat grown on sewage sludge-treated fertile soil. Journal of Science and Arts, 22(4), 965-976. https://doi.org/10.46939/J.Sci.Arts-22.4-b02.

Bullock, P., & Burton, R. G. O. (1996). Organic matter levels and trends in the soils of England and Wales. Soil Use and Management, 12(2), 103-104.

Cao, H., Chen, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., Qiao, L., & Men, Y. (2010). Heavy metals in rice and garden vegetables and their potential health risks to inhabitants in the vicinity of an industrial zone in Jiangsu, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 22(11), 1792-1799. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60321-1.

Chen, M., Xu, P., Zeng, G., Yang, C., Huang, D., & Zhang, J. (2015). Bioremediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum, pesticides, chlorophenols and heavy metals by composting: applications, microbes and future research needs. Biotechnology Advances, 33(6), 745-755.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.05.003.

Chilian, A., Bancuta, O. R., Bancuta, I., Popescu, I. V., Gheboianu, A. I., Tănase, N. M., ... & Zinicovscaia, I. (2022). Extraction of heavy metals and phosphorus from sewage sludge with elimination of antibiotics and biological risks. Chemical Engineering Journal, 437, 135298.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.135298.

Dudka, S., & Miller, W. P. (1999). Accumulation of potentially toxic elements in plants and their transfer to human food chain. Journal of Environmental Science & Health Part B, 34(4), 681-708.https://doi.org/10.1080/03601239909373221.

Eben, P., Mohri, M., Pauleit, S., Duthweiler, S. and Helmreich, B. (2024). Phytoextraction potential of herbaceous plant species and the influence of environmental factors–A meta-analytical approach. Ecological Engineering, 199, 107169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2023.107169.

Elia, V. J., Clark, C. S., Majeti, V. A., Gartside, P. S., MacDonald, T., Richdale, N., ... & Hunninen, K. (1983). Hazardous chemical exposure at a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Environmental research, 32(3), 360-371.https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(83)90118-4.

Etsuyankpa, M. B., Augustine, A. U., Musa, S. T., Mathew, J. T., Ismail, H., Salihu, A. M., & Mamman, A. (2024). An overview of wastewater characteristics, treatment and disposal: A Review. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 28(5), 1553-1572.https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i5.28.

Fei-Baffoe, B., Amo-Asare, J., Sulemana, A., & Miezah, K. (2021). Levels of lead, copper, and zinc in cabbage (Brassica oleracea sp.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa sp.) grown on soil amended with sewage sludge. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2021(1), 8386218.https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8386218.

Feng, J., Burke, I. T., Chen, X., & Stewart, D. I. (2023). Assessing metal contamination and speciation in sewage sludge: implications for soil application and environmental risk. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 22(4), 1037-1058.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-023-09675-y.

Hooda, P. S. (2010). Assessing bioavailability of soil trace elements. Trace elements in soils, 227-265.

Hosseinniaee, S., Jafari, M., Tavili, A., Zare, S. and Cappai, G. (2023). Chelate facilitated phytoextraction of Pb, Cd, and Zn from a lead–zinc mine contaminated soil by three accumulator plants. Scientific Reports, 13(1), p.21185.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48666-5.

Hu, Y., Zhou, X., Shi, A., Yu, Y., Rensing, C., Zhang, T., ... & Yang, W. (2023). Exogenous silicon promotes cadmium (Cd) accumulation in Sedum alfredii Hance by enhancing Cd uptake and alleviating Cd toxicity. Frontiers in plant science, 14, 1134370.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1134370.

Hurseresht, Z. and Jalali, M. (2025). Assessment of trace and macro elements in medicinal plants: Implications for safety and phytoremediation. Biological Trace Element Research, pp.1-24.https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12011-025-04714-x.

Ibrahim, L. A., & Hammad, D. M. (2024). Assessment of the impact of irrigating with treated wastewater on soil and crop trace metal accumulation. Water Science, 38(1), 324-336.https://doi.org/10.1080/23570008.2024.2357295.

ISIRI, F. (2010). Feed-maximum Limit of Heavy Metals. The Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. 210-212.

Islam, M. M., Saxena, N., & Sharma, D. (2024). Phytoremediation as a green and sustainable prospective method for heavy metal contamination: a review. RSC Sustainability, 2(5), 1269-1288.https://doi.org/10.1039/d3su00440f.

Islam, M. S., Islam, M. T., Ismail, Z., Ibrahim, K. A., Al-Qthanin, R. N., & Idris, A. M. (2025). Heavy metals in sludge from the sewage treatment plant network: a tool to evaluate source and risks of heavy metals to land application. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 105(4), 781-801.https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2023.2271425.

Janaszek, A., & Kowalik, R. (2023). Analysis of heavy metal contaminants and mobility in sewage sludge-soil mixtures for sustainable agricultural practices. Water, 15(22), 3992.https://doi.org/10.3390/w15223992.

Kabata-Pendias A. (2011). Trace elements in soils and plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Karagianni, A. G., Balidakis, A., Ipsilantis, I., & Matsi, T. (2024). Effects of applying sewage sludge treated with amendments on soil chemical properties. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 55(6), 814-827.https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2023.2282989.

Kauthale, V. K., Takawale, P. S., Kulkarni, P. K., & Daniel, L. N. (2005). Influence of flyash and sewage sludge application on growth and yield of annual crops. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 23(1-4), 49-54.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-014-0027-0.

Khan, Z. I., Safdar, H. A. R. E. E. M., Ahmad, K. A. F. E. E. L., Wajid, K. I. N. Z. A., Bashir, H., Ugulu, I., & Dogan, Y. (2020). Copper bioaccumulation and translocation in forages grown in soil irrigated with sewage water. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 52(1), 111-119.https://doi.org/10.30848/PJB2020-1(12).

Lamastra, L., Suciu, N. A., & Trevisan, M. (2018). Sewage sludge for sustainable agriculture: contaminants’ contents and potential use as fertilizer. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 5(1), 1-6.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-018-0122-3.

Lindsay, W. L., & Norvell, W. (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42(3), 421-428. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x.

Ma, Y., Wang, S., Zhang, M., Jiang, X., Polaczyk, P., & Huang, B. (2023). Weather aging effects on modified asphalt with rubber-polyethylene composites. Science of The Total Environment, 865, 161089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161089.

Mdlambuzi, T., Muchaonyerwa, P., & Mbangi, A. (2023). Heavy Metals in Soils Following 50 Years of Sewage Sludge Application. In Heavy Metals-Recent Advances. IntechOpen.https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110009.

Meng, W., Wang, Z., Hu, B., Wang, Z., Li, H., & Goodman, R. C. (2016). Heavy metals in soil and plants after long-term sewage irrigation at Tianjin China: A case study assessment. Agricultural Water Management, 171, 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.03.013.

Molaey, R., Appels, L., Yesil, H., Tugtas, A. E., & Çalli, B. (2024). Sustainable heavy metal removal from sewage sludge: A review of bioleaching and other emerging technologies. Science of The Total Environment, 955, 177020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177020.

Nogueira, T. A. R., Melo, W. J., Fonseca, I. M., Marcussi, S. A., Melo, G. M. P., & Marques, M. O. (2010). Fractionation of Zn, Cd and Pb in a tropical soil after nine-year sewage sludge applications. Pedosphere, 20(5), 545-556.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(10)60044-6.

Ocholi, E. P. R., Okpanachi, V., Ijaja, V., Obochi, V. U., & Ojochogwu, B. C. (2024). Comparative Study of Zinc Concentration in the Root, Stem, and Leaf of Maize (Zea mays) Grown on Soil Collected From Several Dumpsites in Anyigba, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Toxicology, 7(2), 5-9.https://doi.org/10.54987/jebat.v7i2.1007

Pedrero, F., Kalavrouziotis, I., Alarcón, J. J., Koukoulakis, P., & Asano, T. (2010). Use of treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture—Review of some practices in Spain and Greece. Agricultural Water Management, 97(9), 1233-1241.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.03.003.

Pescod, M. B. (1992). “Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture-FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Pietrzak, U. and McPhail, D.C. (2004). Copper accumulation, distribution and fractionation in vineyard soils of Victoria, Australia. Geoderma, 122(2-4),151-166.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.005.

Priya, A. K., Muruganandam, M., Ali, S. S., & Kornaros, M. (2023). Clean-up of heavy metals from contaminated soil by phytoremediation: A multidisciplinary and eco-friendly approach. Toxics, 11(5), 422.https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11050422.

Qadir, M., Wichelns, D., Raschid-Sally, L., McCornick, P. G., Drechsel, P., Bahri, A., & Minhas, P. S. (2010). The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries. Agricultural Water Management, 97(4), 561-568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2008.11.004.

Rasheed, A., He, P., Long, Z., Gillani, S. F. A., Wang, Z., Morsy, K., ... & Jie, Y. (2024). Cadmium (Cd) tolerance and phytoremediation potential in fiber crops: research updates and future breeding efforts. Agronomy, 14(11), 2713.https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14112713.

Rashid, A., Schutte, B. J., Ulery, A., Deyholos, M. K., Sanogo, S., Lehnhoff, E. A., & Beck, L. (2023). Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soil: environmental pollutants affecting crop health. Agronomy, 13(6), 1521.https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.0398.v1.

Rehana, M. R., Gladis, R., & Rani, B. (2024). Effect of Sewage Sludge, Sewage Sludge Compost and Sewage Sludge Biochar on Heavy Metal and It Fractions. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 14(10), 196-206.https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i104480.

Rezapour, S., Siavash Moghaddam, S., Nouri, A., & Khosravi Aqdam, K. (2022). Urbanization influences the distribution, enrichment, and ecological health risk of heavy metals in croplands. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 3868.

Rice, E. W., Baird, R. B., Eaton, A. D. (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 23rd Edition. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07789-x.

Richards, L. A. (1947). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkaline soils. Soil science, 64(5), 432.

Rodríguez-Bocanegra, J., Roca, N., Tume, P. and Bech, J. (2017). Using DTPA-extractable soil fraction to assess the bioconcentration factor of plants in phytoremediation of urban soils. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 10173.

Rout, T. K., Masto, R. E., Ram, L. C., George, J., & Padhy, P. K. (2013). Assessment of human health risks from heavy metals in outdoor dust samples in a coal mining area. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 35(3), 347-356.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-012-9499-2.

Rowell, D.L. (1994). Soil Science: Methods and Applications. Longman Group, Harlow (p.345).

Saha, S., Saha, B. N., Pati, S., Pal, B., & Hazra, G. C. (2017). Agricultural use of sewage sludge in India: benefits and potential risk of heavy metals contamination and possible remediation options–a review. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 20(3-4), 183-199.https://doi.org/10.1504/IJETM.2017.10010695.

Setia, R., Dhaliwal, S.S., Singh, R., Kumar, V., Taneja, S., Kukal, S.S. and Pateriya, B. (2021). Phytoavailability and human risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops around Sutlej river, India. Chemosphere, 263, 128321.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128321.

Schiptsova, N., Vasilyev, O., Larionov, G., Mardareva, N., & Fadeeva, N. (2022). Heavy metals in the" soil-plant" system when using sewage sludge. In BIO Web of Conferences (Vol. 51, p. 04010). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20225104010.

Sharafi, K., Omer, A. K., Mansouri, B., Massahi, T., Soleimani, H., Moradi, M., ... & Ebrahimzadeh, G. (2024). Transfer of heavy metals from soil to vegetables: a comparative assessment of different irrigation water sources. Heliyon, 10(11).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32575.

Sharma, J. K., Kumar, N., Singh, N. P., & Santal, A. R. (2023). Phytoremediation technologies and their mechanism for removal of heavy metal from contaminated soil: An approach for a sustainable environment. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1076876.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1076876.

Silva, J. A. (2023). Wastewater treatment and reuse for sustainable water resources management: a systematic literature review. Sustainability, 15(14), 10940.https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410940.

Stanton, C., Sanders, D., Krämer, U., & Podar, D. (2022). Zinc in plants: Integrating homeostasis and biofortification. Molecular Plant, 15(1), 65-85.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.008.

Tamma, A. A., Lejcuś, K., Fiałkiewicz, W., & Marczak, D. (2025). Advancing Phytoremediation: A Review of Soil Amendments for Heavy Metal Contamination Management. Sustainability, 17(13), 5688.https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135688.

Terry, R. E., Nelson, D. W., & Sommers, L. E. (1979). Carbon cycling during sewage sludge decomposition in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 43(3), 494-499.https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1979.03615995004300030013x.

Tervahauta, T., Rani, S., Leal, L. H., Buisman, C. J., & Zeeman, G. (2014). Black water sludge reuse in agriculture: Are heavy metals a problem? Journal of Hazardous Materials, 274, 229-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.018.

Thalassinos, G., Levizou, E., Rinklebe, J., Shaheen, S. M., & Vasileios, A. (2024). Enhancing the phytoextraction of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn by portulaca oleracea in a heavily contaminated soil using low molecular weight organic substances: is phytoremediation viable? Earth Systems and Environment, 8(3), 923-936.https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-024-00386-0.

Tiruneh, A. T., Nkambule, S. J., & Murye, A. F. (2024). Assessment of the Benefits and Risks of Sewage Sludge Application as Soil Amendment for Agriculture in Eswatini. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 24(8), 24230-24260.https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.133.19705.

Uddin, S., Zaman, M., Martínez-Guijarro, K., Al-Murad, M., Behbehani, M., Habibi, N., & Al-Mutairi, A. (2025). Sewage sludge as soil amendment in arid soils-A trace metal, nutrient and trace organics perspective. Emerging Contaminants, 11(1), 100420.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100420.

USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (2009). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Risk-Based Concentration Table. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC., Philadelphia.

USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (2015). Human health risk assessment, risk-based screening table. Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table.

Witek-Krowiak, A., Gorazda, K., Szopa, D., Trzaska, K., Moustakas, K., & Chojnacka, K. (2022). Phosphorus recovery from wastewater and bio-based waste: an overview. Bioengineered, 13(5), 13474-13506. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2022.2077894.

Wong, J. W. C. (1995). The production of artificial soil mix from coal fly ash and sewage sludge. Environmental Technology, 16(8), 741-751.https://doi.org/10.1080/09593331608616313

Wydro, U., Jabłońska-Trypuć, A., Hawrylik, E., Butarewicz, A., Rodziewicz, J., Janczukowicz, W., & Wołejko, E. (2021). Heavy metals behavior in soil/plant system after sewage sludge application. Energies, 14(6), 1584. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061584.

Xin, J. (2024). Enhancing soil health to minimize cadmium accumulation in agro-products: the role of microorganisms, organic matter, and nutrients. Environmental Pollution, 348, 123890.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123890.

Xu, D., Shen, Z., Dou, C., Dou, Z., Li, Y., Gao, Y., & Sun, Q. (2022). Effects of soil properties on heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation in crop grains under different farmland use patterns. Scientific Reports, 12: 9211.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13140-1.

Xu, J., Wu, L., Chang, A. C., & Zhang, Y. (2010). Impact of long-term reclaimed wastewater irrigation on agricultural soils: a preliminary assessment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183(1-3), 780-786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.094.

Yan, A., Wang, Y., Tan, S. N., Mohd Yusof, M. L., Ghosh, S., & Chen, Z. (2020). Phytoremediation: a promising approach for revegetation of heavy metal-polluted land. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 513099.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00359.

Yang, Z., Yang, F., Liu, J. L., Wu, H. T., Yang, H., Shi, Y., ... & Chen, K. M. (2022). Heavy metal transporters: Functional mechanisms, regulation, and application in phytoremediation. Science of the Total Environment, 809, 151099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151099.

Zaffar, N., Peiter, E., Schirmer, D., Samarska, A., Lovynska, V., & Wiche, O. (2023). Effect of sewage sludge and digestate from anaerobic fermentation as soil additives on the nutritional status and accumulation of non-essential elements in plants with different nutrition strategies. Available at Research Square, 13, 1628175.https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3381617/v1.

Zaragüeta, A., Enrique, A., Virto, I., Antón, R., Urmeneta, H., & Orcaray, L. (2021). Effect of the long-term application of sewage sludge to a calcareous soil on its total and bioavailable content in trace elements, and their transfer to the crop. Minerals, 11(4), 356.https://doi.org/10.3390/min11040356.

Zhang, W., Li, J. S., Chen, S. X., Huang, K., Luo, L. J., Tong, K. W., ... & Dai, Z. J. (2023). Effect of layer charge density and cation concentration on sorption behaviors of heavy metal ions in the interlayer and nanopore of montmorillonite: A molecular dynamics simulation. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 657, 130553.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130553.

Zhang, X., Yang, M., Yang, H., Pian, R., Wang, J., & Wu, A. M. (2024). The uptake, transfer, and detoxification of cadmium in plants and its exogenous effects. Cells, 13(11), 907.https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13110907.

Zwarich, M. A., & Mills, J. G. (1982). Heavy metal accumulation by some vegetable crops grown on sewage-sludge-amended soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 62(2), 243-247. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss82-028.