تأثیر کاربرد توأمان بیوچار و کود پتاسیمی بر وضعیت پتاسیم، عملکرد و برخی اجزای عملکرد برنج در دو خاک شالیزاری تخلیه‌شده از پتاسیم

Karim, A. A., Kumar, M., Singh, S. K., Panda, C. R., & Mishra, B. K. (2017). Potassium enriched biochar production by thermal plasma processing of banana peduncle for soil application. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 123, 165-172.

Abu Zied Amin, A. E. E. (2016). Impact of corn cob biochar on potassium status and wheat growth in a calcareous sandy soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 47(17), 2026-2033.

Abrishamkesh, S., Gorji, M., Asadi, H., Bagheri-Marandi, G. H., & Pourbabaee, A. A. (2015). Effects of rice husk biochar application on the properties of alkaline soil and lentil growth Original Paper. Plant, Soil and Environment, 61(11).

Bagyalakshmi, B., Ponmurugan, P., & Marimuthu, S. (2012). Influence of potassium solubilizing bacteria on crop productivity and quality of tea (Camellia sinensis). African  Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(30), 4250-4259.

Biederman, L. A., & Harpole, W. S. (2013). Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta‐analysis. Global Change Biology bioenergy, 5(2), 202-214.

Bertsch, P. M., & Thomas, G. W. (1985). Potassium status of temperate region soils. Potassium in agriculture, 129-162.

Bilias, F., Kalderis, D., Richardson, C., Barbayiannis, N., & Gasparatos, D. (2023). Biochar application as a soil potassium management strategy: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 858, 159782.

Bremner, J. M., & Mulvaney, C. S. (1982). Nitrogen—total. Methods of soil analysis: part 2 chemical and microbiological properties, 9, 595-624.

El-Naggar, A., Lee, S. S., Rinklebe, J., Farooq, M., Song, H., Sarmah, A. K., ... & Ok, Y. S. (2019). Biochar application to low fertility soils: A review of current status, and future prospects. Geoderma, 337, 536-554.

Fallah Tolekolai, S., Bahmanyar, M.A., & Sadeghzadeh, F. (2015). The effect of applying municipal soild waste compost and boichar on yield and concentration of some macro and micro nutrients in rice plant. M.Sc. Thesis in soil science and Engineering, soil chemistry, fertility, and plant nutrition. Faculty of agricultural sciences.Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University.88pp. (in persian)

Gee, G. W., & Bauder, J. W. (1986). Particle‐size analysis. Methods of soil analysis: Part 1 Physical and mineralogical methods, 5, 383-411.

Golestani Fard, A. & Tofighi, H. (2008). Potassium fixation in paddy soils in north of Iran. Iranian. Journal of Agricalture Science, 39, 173–185.

Golestanifard, A., Santner, J., Aryan, A., Kaul, H. P., & Wenzel, W. W. (2020). Potassium fixation in northern Iranian paddy soils. Geoderma, 375, 114475.

Gu, W., Wang, Y., Feng, Z., Wu, D., Zhang, H., Yuan, H., ... & Zhang, W. (2022). Long-term effects of biochar application with reduced chemical fertilizer on paddy soil properties and japonica rice production system. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 902752.

Havlin, J.L., Beaton, J.D., Tisdale, S.L., & Nelson, W.L. (1991). Soil fertility and fertilizers in introduction to nutrient management. Prentice-Hall, 196-216.

Houshmandfar, A.R., Tehrani, M.M., & Delnavaz Hashemlouyan, B. (2008). The Effects Of Different Nitrogen Levels On Grain Protein And The Nitrogen Use Efficiency Of Wheat. Plant And Ecosystem, 4(15), 52-62. (in persian).

Huang, M., Long, F. A. N., Jiang, L. G., Yang, S. Y., Zou, Y. B., & Uphoff, N. (2019). Continuous applications of biochar to rice: Effects on grain yield and yield attributes. Journal of integrative agriculture, 18(3), 563-570.

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI).

IBI. (2012). Standardized product definition and product testing guidelines for biochar that is used in soil.

Ippolito, J. A., Ducey, T. F., Cantrell, K. B., Novak, J. M., & Lentz, R. D. (2016). Designer, acidic biochar influences calcareous soil characteristics. Chemosphere, 142, 184-191.

Jalali, M., & Kolahchi, Z. (2007). Short‐term potassium release and fixation in some calcareous soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 170(4), 530-537.

Knudsen, D. L., Peterson, G. A., & Pratt, P. F. (1992). Lithium, sodium, and potassium. Methods of soil analysis: part 2 chemical and microbiological properties, 9, 225-246.

Li, X., Lu, J., Wu, L., & Chen, F. (2009). The difference of potassium dynamics between yellowish red soil and yellow cinnamon soil under rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation. Plant and Soil, 320, 141-151.

Li, X., Zhan, L., Lu, J., Liao, Z., Li, J., Ren, T., & Cong, R. (2014). Potassium mobilization and transformation in red paddy soil as affected by rice. Agronomy Journal, 106(3), 1011-1017.

Liu, S., Tang, W., Yang, F., Meng, J., Chen, W., & Li, X. (2018). Influence of biochar application on potassium-solubilizing Bacillus mucilaginosus as potential biofertilizer. Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 47(1), 32-37.

Lindsay, W.L., Norwell,W.A. (1978). Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42: 421–428.

Major, J., Lehmann, J., Rondon, M., & Goodale, C. (2010). Fate of soil‐applied black carbon: downward migration, leaching and soil respiration. Global Change Biology, 16(4), 1366-1379.

Malakouti, M.J., & Homaei, M. (2004). Soil fertility management in arid and semi- arid regions: constraints and mitigation strategies.Tarbiat Modares university, office for Scientific Publications, Tehran, Iran,502pp. (in persian).

Malakouti, M.J., Shahabi, A.A., & Bazargan, K. (2016). Potassium in agriculture: the unrecegnized role in the production of healthy agricultural crops.Mobaleghan publishing house, Tehran, Iran, 360pp. (in persian).

Masulili, A., Utomo, W. H., & Syechfani, M. S. (2010). Rice husk biochar for rice based cropping system in acid soil 1. The characteristics of rice husk biochar and its influence on the properties of acid sulfate soils and rice growth in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2(1), 39.

Mizutani, Y., Kubotera, H., Fujii, T., Maeda, T., Watanabe, M., & Hiradate, S. (2024). Recharge of exchangeable K from non-exchangeable fractions as affected by exchangeable K and K acquisition by rice in Japanese paddy soils. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 70(4), 295-305.

Mousavi, Y., Mohammadian, M., & Nasiri, M. (2010). Top-Dressing fertilization with different” ratios of potassium chloride and on” yield and quality of shiroudi rice cultivar. 11^th Iranian congress on agronomy and plant breeding,Tehran,2010. (in persian).

Nakao, A., Thiry, Y., Funakawa, S., & Kosaki, T. (2008). Characterization of the frayed edge site of micaceous minerals in soil clays influenced by different pedogenetic conditions in Japan and northern Thailand. Soil science and plant nutrition, 54(4), 479-489.

Nelson, R. E. (1982). Carbonate and gypsum. Methods of soil analysis: Part 2 Chemical and microbiological properties, 9, 181-197.

Nouri, Z., Jalili, B., & Sadegh-Zadeh, F. (2024). Biochars application reduces potassium fixation and improves rice potassium content in K-depleted paddy soils. Journal of Environmental Management.

Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S., & Dean, C.A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorous in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U. S. Department of Agricultur Circular, 939(19).

Oram, N. J., van de Voorde, T. F., Ouwehand, G. J., Bezemer, T. M., Mommer, L., Jeffery, S., & Van Groenigen, J. W. (2014). Soil amendment with biochar increases the competitive ability of legumes via increased potassium availability. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 191, 92-98.

Pratt, P.F. (1965). Potassium. In: Methods of Soil Analysis: Part2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 9.2. Ed(s): Norman, A.G,1022-1030.

Rhoades, J. D. (1992). Soluble salts. In: Page, A.L., R.H. Miller and D.R. Keeney. Method of soil Analysis. Part II: Chemical and Mineralogical Properties, 2^nd edn. Madison, Wisconsin: SSSA.

Rhoades, J. D. (1996). Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. Methods of soil analysis: Part 3 Chemical methods, 5, 417-435.

Sadegh‐Zadeh, F., Parichehreh, M., Jalili, B., & Bahmanyar, M. A. (2018). Rehabilitation of calcareous saline‐sodic soil by means of biochars and acidified biochars. Land Degradation & Development, 29(10), 3262-3271.

Sahin, O., Taskin, M. B., Kaya, E. C., Atakol, O. R. H. A. N., Emir, E., Inal, A., & Gunes, A. Y. D. I. N. (2017). Effect of acid modification of biochar on nutrient availability and maize growth in a calcareous soil. Soil Use and Management, 33(3), 447-456.

Sun, Z., Bruun, E. W., Arthur, E., de Jonge, L. W., Moldrup, P., Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., & Elsgaard, L. (2014). Effect of biochar on aerobic processes, enzyme activity, and crop yields in two sandy loam soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 50, 1087-1097.

Sumner, M. E., & Miller, W. P. (1996). Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients. Methods of soil analysis: Part 3 Chemical methods, 5, 1201-1229.

Sawhney, B. L. (1972). Selective sorption and fixation of cations by clay minerals: a review. Clays and clay minerals, 20(2), 93-100.

Simonsson, M., Hillier, S., & Öborn, I. (2009). Changes in clay minerals and potassium fixation capacity as a result of release and fixation of potassium in long-term field experiments. Geoderma, 151(3-4), 109-120.

Simard, R. R., Zizka, J., & De Kimpe, C. R. (1992). Release of potassium and magnesium from soil fractions and its kinetics. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 56(5), 1421-1428.

Silber, A., Levkovitch, I., & Graber, E. R. (2010). pH-dependent mineral release and surface properties of cornstraw biochar: agronomic implications. Environmental science & technology, 44(24), 9318-9323.

Portela, E., Monteiro, F., Fonseca, M., & Abreu, M. M. (2019). Effect of soil mineralogy on potassium fixation in soils developed on different parent material. Geoderma, 343, 226-234.

Poursaleh, M. (1994). Cereal Crop: wheat, barley, rice and maize.Saffar publications,144pp. (in persian).

Tan, D., Liu, Z., Jiang, L., Luo, J., & Li, J. (2017). Long-term potash application and wheat straw return reduced soil potassium fixation and affected crop yields in North China. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 108, 121-133.

Tavaloli, H., & Semnani, A. (1991). Methods of analysis of soil, plants waters and fertilisers.Shahid chamran University publications.Ahvaz.219pp. (in persian).

Towfighi, H. (1999). Response of rice to potassium application in paddy soils of northern Iran. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(4), 869-883.

USDA, (2020). World Rice Supply and Utilization. Available at https://www.ers.usda.gov/ data-products/rice-yearbook/ (Accessed: 12 July 2020).

Walkley, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil science, 37(1), 29-38.

Wang, Y., Yin, R., & Liu, R. 2014. Characterization of biochar from fast pyrolysis and its effect on chemical properties of the tea garden soil. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 110, 375-381.

Wang, L., Xue, C., Nie, X., Liu, Y., & Chen, F. (2018). Effects of biochar application on soil potassium dynamics and crop uptake. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 181(5), 635-643.

Wu, X., Wang, D., Riaz, M., Zhang, L., & Jiang, C. (2019). Investigating the effect of biochar on the potential of increasing cotton yield, potassium efficiency and soil environment. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 182, 109451.

Zhao, H. B., Song, Q., Wu, X. Y., & Yao, Q. (2015). Study on the transformation of inherent potassium during the fast-pyrolysis process of rice straw. Energy & fuels, 29(10), 6404-6411.

Zhao, W., Zhou, Q., Tian, Z., Cui, Y., Liang, Y., & Wang, H. (2020). Apply biochar to ameliorate soda saline-alkali land, improve soil function and increase corn nutrient availability in the Songnen Plain. Science of the Total Environment, 722,

Karim, A. A., Kumar, M., Singh, S. K., Panda, C. R., & Mishra, B. K. (2017). Potassium enriched biochar production by thermal plasma processing of banana peduncle for soil application. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 123, 165-172.

Abu Zied Amin, A. E. E. (2016). Impact of corn cob biochar on potassium status and wheat growth in a calcareous sandy soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 47(17), 2026-2033.

Abrishamkesh, S., Gorji, M., Asadi, H., Bagheri-Marandi, G. H., & Pourbabaee, A. A. (2015). Effects of rice husk biochar application on the properties of alkaline soil and lentil growth Original Paper. Plant, Soil and Environment, 61(11).

Bagyalakshmi, B., Ponmurugan, P., & Marimuthu, S. (2012). Influence of potassium solubilizing bacteria on crop productivity and quality of tea (Camellia sinensis). African  Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(30), 4250-4259.

Biederman, L. A., & Harpole, W. S. (2013). Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta‐analysis. Global Change Biology bioenergy, 5(2), 202-214.

Bertsch, P. M., & Thomas, G. W. (1985). Potassium status of temperate region soils. Potassium in agriculture, 129-162.

Bilias, F., Kalderis, D., Richardson, C., Barbayiannis, N., & Gasparatos, D. (2023). Biochar application as a soil potassium management strategy: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 858, 159782.

Bremner, J. M., & Mulvaney, C. S. (1982). Nitrogen—total. Methods of soil analysis: part 2 chemical and microbiological properties, 9, 595-624.

El-Naggar, A., Lee, S. S., Rinklebe, J., Farooq, M., Song, H., Sarmah, A. K., ... & Ok, Y. S. (2019). Biochar application to low fertility soils: A review of current status, and future prospects. Geoderma, 337, 536-554.

Fallah Tolekolai, S., Bahmanyar, M.A., & Sadeghzadeh, F. (2015). The effect of applying municipal soild waste compost and boichar on yield and concentration of some macro and micro nutrients in rice plant. M.Sc. Thesis in soil science and Engineering, soil chemistry, fertility, and plant nutrition. Faculty of agricultural sciences.Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University.88pp. (in persian)

Gee, G. W., & Bauder, J. W. (1986). Particle‐size analysis. Methods of soil analysis: Part 1 Physical and mineralogical methods, 5, 383-411.

Golestani Fard, A. & Tofighi, H. (2008). Potassium fixation in paddy soils in north of Iran. Iranian. Journal of Agricalture Science, 39, 173–185.

Golestanifard, A., Santner, J., Aryan, A., Kaul, H. P., & Wenzel, W. W. (2020). Potassium fixation in northern Iranian paddy soils. Geoderma, 375, 114475.

Gu, W., Wang, Y., Feng, Z., Wu, D., Zhang, H., Yuan, H., ... & Zhang, W. (2022). Long-term effects of biochar application with reduced chemical fertilizer on paddy soil properties and japonica rice production system. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 902752.

Havlin, J.L., Beaton, J.D., Tisdale, S.L., & Nelson, W.L. (1991). Soil fertility and fertilizers in introduction to nutrient management. Prentice-Hall, 196-216.

Houshmandfar, A.R., Tehrani, M.M., & Delnavaz Hashemlouyan, B. (2008). The Effects Of Different Nitrogen Levels On Grain Protein And The Nitrogen Use Efficiency Of Wheat. Plant And Ecosystem, 4(15), 52-62. (in persian).

Huang, M., Long, F. A. N., Jiang, L. G., Yang, S. Y., Zou, Y. B., & Uphoff, N. (2019). Continuous applications of biochar to rice: Effects on grain yield and yield attributes. Journal of integrative agriculture, 18(3), 563-570.

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI).

IBI. (2012). Standardized product definition and product testing guidelines for biochar that is used in soil.

Ippolito, J. A., Ducey, T. F., Cantrell, K. B., Novak, J. M., & Lentz, R. D. (2016). Designer, acidic biochar influences calcareous soil characteristics. Chemosphere, 142, 184-191.

Jalali, M., & Kolahchi, Z. (2007). Short‐term potassium release and fixation in some calcareous soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 170(4), 530-537.

Knudsen, D. L., Peterson, G. A., & Pratt, P. F. (1992). Lithium, sodium, and potassium. Methods of soil analysis: part 2 chemical and microbiological properties, 9, 225-246.

Li, X., Lu, J., Wu, L., & Chen, F. (2009). The difference of potassium dynamics between yellowish red soil and yellow cinnamon soil under rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation. Plant and Soil, 320, 141-151.

Li, X., Zhan, L., Lu, J., Liao, Z., Li, J., Ren, T., & Cong, R. (2014). Potassium mobilization and transformation in red paddy soil as affected by rice. Agronomy Journal, 106(3), 1011-1017.

Liu, S., Tang, W., Yang, F., Meng, J., Chen, W., & Li, X. (2018). Influence of biochar application on potassium-solubilizing Bacillus mucilaginosus as potential biofertilizer. Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 47(1), 32-37.

Lindsay, W.L., Norwell,W.A. (1978). Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42: 421–428.

Major, J., Lehmann, J., Rondon, M., & Goodale, C. (2010). Fate of soil‐applied black carbon: downward migration, leaching and soil respiration. Global Change Biology, 16(4), 1366-1379.

Malakouti, M.J., & Homaei, M. (2004). Soil fertility management in arid and semi- arid regions: constraints and mitigation strategies.Tarbiat Modares university, office for Scientific Publications, Tehran, Iran,502pp. (in persian).

Malakouti, M.J., Shahabi, A.A., & Bazargan, K. (2016). Potassium in agriculture: the unrecegnized role in the production of healthy agricultural crops.Mobaleghan publishing house, Tehran, Iran, 360pp. (in persian).

Masulili, A., Utomo, W. H., & Syechfani, M. S. (2010). Rice husk biochar for rice based cropping system in acid soil 1. The characteristics of rice husk biochar and its influence on the properties of acid sulfate soils and rice growth in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2(1), 39.

Mizutani, Y., Kubotera, H., Fujii, T., Maeda, T., Watanabe, M., & Hiradate, S. (2024). Recharge of exchangeable K from non-exchangeable fractions as affected by exchangeable K and K acquisition by rice in Japanese paddy soils. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 70(4), 295-305.

Mousavi, Y., Mohammadian, M., & Nasiri, M. (2010). Top-Dressing fertilization with different” ratios of potassium chloride and on” yield and quality of shiroudi rice cultivar. 11^th Iranian congress on agronomy and plant breeding,Tehran,2010. (in persian).

Nakao, A., Thiry, Y., Funakawa, S., & Kosaki, T. (2008). Characterization of the frayed edge site of micaceous minerals in soil clays influenced by different pedogenetic conditions in Japan and northern Thailand. Soil science and plant nutrition, 54(4), 479-489.

Nelson, R. E. (1982). Carbonate and gypsum. Methods of soil analysis: Part 2 Chemical and microbiological properties, 9, 181-197.

Nouri, Z., Jalili, B., & Sadegh-Zadeh, F. (2024). Biochars application reduces potassium fixation and improves rice potassium content in K-depleted paddy soils. Journal of Environmental Management.

Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S., & Dean, C.A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorous in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U. S. Department of Agricultur Circular, 939(19).

Oram, N. J., van de Voorde, T. F., Ouwehand, G. J., Bezemer, T. M., Mommer, L., Jeffery, S., & Van Groenigen, J. W. (2014). Soil amendment with biochar increases the competitive ability of legumes via increased potassium availability. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 191, 92-98.

Pratt, P.F. (1965). Potassium. In: Methods of Soil Analysis: Part2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 9.2. Ed(s): Norman, A.G,1022-1030.

Rhoades, J. D. (1992). Soluble salts. In: Page, A.L., R.H. Miller and D.R. Keeney. Method of soil Analysis. Part II: Chemical and Mineralogical Properties, 2^nd edn. Madison, Wisconsin: SSSA.

Rhoades, J. D. (1996). Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. Methods of soil analysis: Part 3 Chemical methods, 5, 417-435.

Sadegh‐Zadeh, F., Parichehreh, M., Jalili, B., & Bahmanyar, M. A. (2018). Rehabilitation of calcareous saline‐sodic soil by means of biochars and acidified biochars. Land Degradation & Development, 29(10), 3262-3271.

Sahin, O., Taskin, M. B., Kaya, E. C., Atakol, O. R. H. A. N., Emir, E., Inal, A., & Gunes, A. Y. D. I. N. (2017). Effect of acid modification of biochar on nutrient availability and maize growth in a calcareous soil. Soil Use and Management, 33(3), 447-456.

Sun, Z., Bruun, E. W., Arthur, E., de Jonge, L. W., Moldrup, P., Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., & Elsgaard, L. (2014). Effect of biochar on aerobic processes, enzyme activity, and crop yields in two sandy loam soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 50, 1087-1097.

Sumner, M. E., & Miller, W. P. (1996). Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients. Methods of soil analysis: Part 3 Chemical methods, 5, 1201-1229.

Sawhney, B. L. (1972). Selective sorption and fixation of cations by clay minerals: a review. Clays and clay minerals, 20(2), 93-100.

Simonsson, M., Hillier, S., & Öborn, I. (2009). Changes in clay minerals and potassium fixation capacity as a result of release and fixation of potassium in long-term field experiments. Geoderma, 151(3-4), 109-120.

Simard, R. R., Zizka, J., & De Kimpe, C. R. (1992). Release of potassium and magnesium from soil fractions and its kinetics. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 56(5), 1421-1428.

Silber, A., Levkovitch, I., & Graber, E. R. (2010). pH-dependent mineral release and surface properties of cornstraw biochar: agronomic implications. Environmental science & technology, 44(24), 9318-9323.

Portela, E., Monteiro, F., Fonseca, M., & Abreu, M. M. (2019). Effect of soil mineralogy on potassium fixation in soils developed on different parent material. Geoderma, 343, 226-234.

Poursaleh, M. (1994). Cereal Crop: wheat, barley, rice and maize.Saffar publications,144pp. (in persian).

Tan, D., Liu, Z., Jiang, L., Luo, J., & Li, J. (2017). Long-term potash application and wheat straw return reduced soil potassium fixation and affected crop yields in North China. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 108, 121-133.

Tavaloli, H., & Semnani, A. (1991). Methods of analysis of soil, plants waters and fertilisers.Shahid chamran University publications.Ahvaz.219pp. (in persian).

Towfighi, H. (1999). Response of rice to potassium application in paddy soils of northern Iran. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(4), 869-883.

USDA, (2020). World Rice Supply and Utilization. Available at https://www.ers.usda.gov/ data-products/rice-yearbook/ (Accessed: 12 July 2020).

Walkley, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil science, 37(1), 29-38.

Wang, Y., Yin, R., & Liu, R. 2014. Characterization of biochar from fast pyrolysis and its effect on chemical properties of the tea garden soil. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 110, 375-381.

Wang, L., Xue, C., Nie, X., Liu, Y., & Chen, F. (2018). Effects of biochar application on soil potassium dynamics and crop uptake. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 181(5), 635-643.

Wu, X., Wang, D., Riaz, M., Zhang, L., & Jiang, C. (2019). Investigating the effect of biochar on the potential of increasing cotton yield, potassium efficiency and soil environment. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 182, 109451.

Zhao, H. B., Song, Q., Wu, X. Y., & Yao, Q. (2015). Study on the transformation of inherent potassium during the fast-pyrolysis process of rice straw. Energy & fuels, 29(10), 6404-6411.

Zhao, W., Zhou, Q., Tian, Z., Cui, Y., Liang, Y., & Wang, H. (2020). Apply biochar to ameliorate soda saline-alkali land, improve soil function and increase corn nutrient availability in the Songnen Plain. Science of the Total Environment, 722, 137428.

Zhang, M., Riaz, M., Liu, B., Xia, H., El-Desouki, Z., & Jiang, C. (2020). Two-year study of biochar: Achieving excellent capability of potassium supply via alter clay mineral composition and potassium-dissolving bacteria activity. Science of the Total Environment, 717, 137286.

137428.

Zhang, M., Riaz, M., Liu, B., Xia, H., El-Desouki, Z., & Jiang, C. (2020). Two-year study of biochar: Achieving excellent capability of potassium supply via alter clay mineral composition and potassium-dissolving bacteria activity. Science of the Total Environment, 717, 137286.