Occurrence of Microplastics in Influent, Sewage Sludge and Effluent of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant, A Case Study Center of Iran, Qom city

Alasvand, Shokoufeh; Piroozfar, Fatemeh; Asadi-Ghalhari, Mahdi; Ghaffari, Mohammad-Ebrahim; Izanloo, Hasan; Omidi Oskouei, Alireza; Ghadami, Mahshid; Ansari, Reza; Dehbandi, Reza

doi:10.22059/poll.2025.398193.3013

فهرست نشریات

دوره ویراستاری

دوره آموزشی بهره‌گیری کاربردی از هوش مصنوعی در نگارش، داوری، ویرایش و انتشار آثار علمی برگزار می‌شود

دوره تخصصی آموزش ویراستاری برگزار می‌شود.

فهرست نشریات دارای اعتبار وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری

فهرست مجلات علمی- پژوهشی دانشگاه تهران

نحوه ارسال مقاله برای مجله- ثبت نام در سامانه- فراموش کردن رمز عبور

تعداد نشریات	127
تعداد شماره‌ها	7,120
تعداد مقالات	76,548
تعداد مشاهده مقاله	153,036,439
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله	115,217,511

	Occurrence of Microplastics in Influent, Sewage Sludge and Effluent of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant, A Case Study Center of Iran, Qom city
Pollution
دوره 12، شماره 1، فروردین 2026، صفحه 262-274 اصل مقاله (1.31 M)
نوع مقاله: Original Research Paper
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/poll.2025.398193.3013
نویسندگان
Shokoufeh Alasvand¹؛ Fatemeh Piroozfar¹؛ Mahdi Asadi-Ghalhari^* ²؛ Mohammad-Ebrahim Ghaffari³؛ Hasan Izanloo²؛ Alireza Omidi Oskouei⁴؛ Mahshid Ghadami¹؛ Reza Ansari⁵؛ Reza Dehbandi⁶^{، 7}
¹Student Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
²Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
³Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
⁴Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
⁵Monitoring and monitoring center for water and sewage quality, Water and Sewerage Company, Qom, Iran
⁶School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom
⁷Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
چکیده
The presence of Microplastics (MPs) in the environment poses a significant threat to both humans and ecosystems health. One common source of environmental MPs pollution is the sludge and effluent discharged by wastewater treatment facilities if no specific measures are implemented for post process MP removal. The purpose of this study is to investigate the MPs removal capacity under different conditions by analysis of MPs in the inlet wastewater, outlet effluent, and sludge of one of the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Qom city, Iran. Monthly sampling was conducted in spring and summer of 2022, resulting in analysis of a total of 18 samples from wastewater, effluent, and sludge. MPs were identified and separated according to established guidelines followed by further analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and µ-Raman spectroscopy. The average MPs concentration in wastewater and effluent were 710± 34.67 MP/L and 51± 4.42 MP/L, respectively, while it was 30.76±7.19MP/g in sludge. The treatment plant demonstrated an average MPs removal efficiency of 92.81%. Overall, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and fibers were the most frequent type and shape of MPs identified across all samples. The dominant sizes of MPs in wastewater and sludge ranged between 250-500 µm, while in the effluent, the MPs were primarily within the 250-100 µm. Based on the findings, it is estimated that 2652×106 MPs enter the environment daily through effluent and contributing to the pollution in air, soil, and surface water. The results of this study showed that sludge and effluent from WWTP are rich in MPs, and if used as fertilizer or to irrigate fields and crops, they can cause high levels of MPs to accumulate in the soil, polluting ecosystems and posing serious risks to organisms.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Microplastic؛ Sludge؛ Effluent؛ Influent؛ Wastewater treatment plants

مراجع
Al-Amshawee, S. K. A., Yunus, M. Y. B. M., Alalwan, H. A., Lee, W. H., & Dai, F. (2022). Experimental investigation of biofilm carriers of varying shapes, sizes, and materials for wastewater treatment in fixed bed biofilm reactor: a qualitative study of biocarrier performance. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 97(9), 2592-2606. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.7131 Alalwan, H. A., Mohammed Ali, N. S., Mohammed, M. M., Mohammed, M. F., & Alminshid, A. H. (2023). A comparison study of methyl green removal by peroxi-coagulation and peroxi-electrocoagulation processes. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 13, 100623. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2023.100623 Amato-Lourenço, L. F., Carvalho-Oliveira, R., Júnior, G. R., dos Santos Galvão, L., Ando, R. A., & Mauad, T. (2021). Presence of airborne microplastics in human lung tissue. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 416, 126124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126124 Bayo, J., Olmos, S., & López-Castellanos, J. (2020). Microplastics in an urban wastewater treatment plant: The influence of physicochemical parameters and environmental factors. Chemosphere, 238, 124593. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124593 Ben-David, E. A., Habibi, M., Haddad, E., Hasanin, M., Angel, D. L., Booth, A. M., & Sabbah, I. (2021). Microplastic distributions in a domestic wastewater treatment plant: Removal efficiency, seasonal variation and influence of sampling technique. Science of The Total Environment, 752, 141880. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141880 Bläsing, M., & Amelung, W. (2018). Plastics in soil: Analytical methods and possible sources. Science of The Total Environment, 612, 422-435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.086 Brandsma, S. H., et al. . (2013). Microplastics in river suspended particulate matter and sewage treatment plants Amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies, Browne, M. A., Crump, P., Niven, S. J., Teuten, E., Tonkin, A., Galloway, T., & Thompson, R. (2011). Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Woldwide: Sources and Sinks. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(21), 9175-9179. https://doi.org/10.1021/es201811s Buta, M., Hubeny, J., Zieliński, W., Harnisz, M., & Korzeniewska, E. (2021). Sewage sludge in agriculture – the effects of selected chemical pollutants and emerging genetic resistance determinants on the quality of soil and crops – a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 214, 112070. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112070 Cai, L., Wang, J., Peng, J., Tan, Z., Zhan, Z., Tan, X., & Chen, Q. (2017). Characteristic of microplastics in the atmospheric fallout from Dongguan city, China: preliminary research and first evidence. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(32), 24928-24935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0116-x Carr, S. A., Liu, J., & Tesoro, A. G. (2016). Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants. Water Research, 91, 174-182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.002 Collard, F., Gilbert, B., Compère, P., Eppe, G., Das, K., Jauniaux, T., & Parmentier, E. (2017). Microplastics in livers of European anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus, L.). Environmental Pollution, 229, 1000-1005. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.089 Collivignarelli, M. C., Carnevale Miino, M., Caccamo, F. M., & Milanese, C. (2021). Microplastics in Sewage Sludge: A Known but Underrated Pathway in Wastewater Treatment Plants. Sustainability, 13(22), 12591. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/22/12591 Conley, K., Clum, A., Deepe, J., Lane, H., & Beckingham, B. (2019). Wastewater treatment plants as a source of microplastics to an urban estuary: Removal efficiencies and loading per capita over one year. Water Research X, 3, 100030. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wroa.2019.100030 Enfrin, M., Lee, J., Gibert, Y., Basheer, F., Kong, L., & Dumée, L. F. (2020). Release of hazardous nanoplastic contaminants due to microplastics fragmentation under shear stress forces. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 384, 121393. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121393 Fan, C., Huang, Y.-Z., Lin, J.-N., & Li, J. (2021). Microplastic constituent identification from admixtures by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy: The use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and nylon (NY) as the model constituents. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 23, 101798. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101798 Fouladi Fard, R., Naddafi, K., Hassanvand, M. S., Khazaei, M., & Rahmani, F. (2018). Trends of metals enrichment in deposited particulate matter at semi-arid area of Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(19), 18737-18751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2033-z Freeman, S., Booth, A. M., Sabbah, I., Tiller, R., Dierking, J., Klun, K., Rotter, A., Ben-David, E., Javidpour, J., & Angel, D. L. (2020). Between source and sea: The role of wastewater treatment in reducing marine microplastics. Journal of Environmental Management, 266, 110642. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110642 Habl, A., Amooey, A. A., Mustafa, M., & Alalwan, H. A. (2024). Electro Oxidation Process for Wastewater Treatment in Petroleum Refineries. Pollution, 10(2), 819-832. https://doi.org/10.22059/poll.2024.371677.2236 Harley-Nyang, D., Memon, F. A., Jones, N., & Galloway, T. (2022). Investigation and analysis of microplastics in sewage sludge and biosolids: A case study from one wastewater treatment works in the UK. Science of The Total Environment, 823, 153735. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153735 He, P., Chen, L., Shao, L., Zhang, H., & Lü, F. (2019). Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill: A source of microplastics? -Evidence of microplastics in landfill leachate. Water Research, 159, 38-45. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.060 Hidayaturrahman, H., & Lee, T.-G. (2019). A study on characteristics of microplastic in wastewater of South Korea: Identification, quantification, and fate of microplastics during treatment process. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 146, 696-702. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.071 Hossain, M. N., Rahman, M. M., Afrin, S., Akbor, M. A., Siddique, M. A. B., & Malafaia, G. (2023). Identification and quantification of microplastics in agricultural farmland soil and textile sludge in Bangladesh. Science of The Total Environment, 858, 160118. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160118 Jiang, J., Wang, X., Ren, H., Cao, G., Xie, G., Xing, D., & Liu, B. (2020). Investigation and fate of microplastics in wastewater and sludge filter cake from a wastewater treatment plant in China. Science of The Total Environment, 746, 141378. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141378 Klein, M., & Fischer, E. K. (2019). Microplastic abundance in atmospheric deposition within the Metropolitan area of Hamburg, Germany. Science of The Total Environment, 685, 96-103. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.405 Lee, Y., Cho, J., Sohn, J., & Kim, C. (2023). Health Effects of Microplastic Exposures: Current Issues and Perspectives in South Korea. Yonsei Med J, 64(5), 301-308. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2023.0048 Li, X., Chen, L., Mei, Q., Dong, B., Dai, X., Ding, G., & Zeng, E. Y. (2018). Microplastics in sewage sludge from the wastewater treatment plants in China. Water Research, 142, 75-85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.034 Liu, P., Zhan, X., Wu, X., Li, J., Wang, H., & Gao, S. (2020). Effect of weathering on environmental behavior of microplastics: Properties, sorption and potential risks. Chemosphere, 242, 125193. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125193 Liu, W., Zhang, J., Liu, H., Guo, X., Zhang, X., Yao, X., Cao, Z., & Zhang, T. (2021). A review of the removal of microplastics in global wastewater treatment plants: Characteristics and mechanisms. Environment International, 146, 106277. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106277 Lv, X., Dong, Q., Zuo, Z., Liu, Y., Huang, X., & Wu, W.-M. (2019). Microplastics in a municipal wastewater treatment plant: Fate, dynamic distribution, removal efficiencies, and control strategies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 225, 579-586. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.321 Magni, S., Binelli, A., Pittura, L., Avio, C. G., Della Torre, C., Parenti, C. C., Gorbi, S., & Regoli, F. (2019). The fate of microplastics in an Italian Wastewater Treatment Plant. Science of The Total Environment, 652, 602-610. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.269 Mahon, A. M., O’Connell, B., Healy, M. G., O’Connor, I., Officer, R., Nash, R., & Morrison, L. (2017). Microplastics in Sewage Sludge: Effects of Treatment. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(2), 810-818. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04048 Marsono, B. D., Yuniarto, A., Purnomo, A., & Soedjono, E. S. (2022). Comparison Performances of Microfiltration and Rapid Sand Filter Operated in Water Treatment Plant. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1111(1), 012048. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1111/1/012048 Menéndez-Manjón, A., Martínez-Díez, R., Sol, D., Laca, A., Laca, A., Rancaño, A., & Díaz, M. (2022). Long-Term Occurrence and Fate of Microplastics in WWTPs: A Case Study in Southwest Europe. Applied Sciences, 12(4), 2133. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/4/2133 Mishra, S., Singh, R. P., Rout, P. K., & Das, A. P. (2022). Chapter 3 - Membrane bioreactor (MBR) as an advanced wastewater treatment technology for removal of synthetic microplastics. In M. Shah, S. Rodriguez-Couto, & J. Biswas (Eds.), Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes (pp. 45-60). Elsevier. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85583-9.00022-3 Naji, A., Azadkhah, S., Farahani, H., Uddin, S., & Khan, F. R. (2021). Microplastics in wastewater outlets of Bandar Abbas city (Iran): A potential point source of microplastics into the Persian Gulf. Chemosphere, 262, 128039. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128039 Osman, A. I., Hosny, M., Eltaweil, A. S., Omar, S., Elgarahy, A. M., Farghali, M., Yap, P. S., Wu, Y. S., Nagandran, S., Batumalaie, K., Gopinath, S. C. B., John, O. D., Sekar, M., Saikia, T., Karunanithi, P., Hatta, M. H. M., & Akinyede, K. A. (2023). Microplastic sources, formation, toxicity and remediation: a review. Environ Chem Lett, 1-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01593-3 Oveisy, N., Rafiee, M., Rahmatpour, A., Nejad, A. S., Hashemi, M., & Eslami, A. (2022). Occurrence, identification, and discharge of microplastics from effluent and sludge of the largest WWTP in Iran—South of Tehran. Water Environment Research, 94(8), e10765. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.10765 Parolini, M., Antonioli, D., Borgogno, F., Gibellino, M. C., Fresta, J., Albonico, C., De Felice, B., Canuto, S., Concedi, D., & Romani, A. (2021). Microplastic contamination in snow from Western Italian Alps. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 768. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020768 Pérez-Reverón, R., González-Sálamo, J., Hernández-Sánchez, C., González-Pleiter, M., Hernández-Borges, J., & Díaz-Peña, F. J. (2022). Recycled wastewater as a potential source of microplastics in irrigated soils from an arid-insular territory (Fuerteventura, Spain). Science of The Total Environment, 817, 152830. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152830 Pittura, L., Foglia, A., Akyol, Ç., Cipolletta, G., Benedetti, M., Regoli, F., Eusebi, A. L., Sabbatini, S., Tseng, L. Y., Katsou, E., Gorbi, S., & Fatone, F. (2021). Microplastics in real wastewater treatment schemes: Comparative assessment and relevant inhibition effects on anaerobic processes. Chemosphere, 262, 128415. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128415 Ragusa, A., Notarstefano, V., Svelato, A., Belloni, A., Gioacchini, G., Blondeel, C., Zucchelli, E., De Luca, C., D’Avino, S., Gulotta, A., Carnevali, O., & Giorgini, E. (2022). Raman Microspectroscopy Detection and Characterisation of Microplastics in Human Breastmilk. Polymers, 14(13), 2700. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/13/2700 Ranjdoost, F., Abbasi, S., Asadi-Ghalhari, M., Baghani, A. N., Fouladi-Fard, R., Sorooshian, A., & Ghaffari, M.-E. (2024). On the nature and sources of microplastics (MPs) and microrubbers (MRs) in urban snow. Journal of Environmental Management, 370, 122851. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122851 Reddy, A. S., & Nair, A. T. (2022). The fate of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: An overview of source and remediation technologies. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 28, 102815. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2022.102815 Revel, M., Châtel, A., & Mouneyrac, C. (2018). Micro(nano)plastics: A threat to human health? Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 1, 17-23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.10.003 Rochman, C. M. (2018). Microplastics research—from sink to source. Science, 360(6384), 28-29. https://doi.org/doi:10.1126/science.aar7734 Sequeira, I. F., Prata, J. C., da Costa, J. P., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha-Santos, T. (2020). Worldwide contamination of fish with microplastics: A brief global overview. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160, 111681. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111681 Sharifi, H., Movahedian Attar, H., & Bina, B. (2023). Occurrence and removal of microplastics in a municipal wastewater treatment plant with conventional activated sludge process: A case study in Isfahan, Iran [Original Article]. Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal, 10(1), 59-66. https://doi.org/10.34172/ehem.2023.07 Shen, M., Ye, S., Zeng, G., Zhang, Y., Xing, L., Tang, W., Wen, X., & Liu, S. (2020). Can microplastics pose a threat to ocean carbon sequestration? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 150, 110712. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110712 Simon, M., Vianello, A., & Vollertsen, J. (2019). Removal of >10 µm Microplastic Particles from Treated Wastewater by a Disc Filter. Water, 11(9), 1935. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/9/1935 Stefánsson, H., Peternell, M., Konrad-Schmolke, M., Hannesdóttir, H., Ásbjörnsson, E. J., & Sturkell, E. (2021). Microplastics in glaciers: first results from the Vatnajökull ice cap. Sustainability, 13(8), 4183. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084183 Tadsuwan, K., & Babel, S. (2021). Microplastic contamination in a conventional wastewater treatment plant in Thailand. Waste Manag Res, 39(5), 754-761. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20982055 Talukdar, A., Kundu, P., Bhattacharya, S., & Dutta, N. (2024). Microplastic contamination in wastewater: Sources, distribution, detection and remediation through physical and chemical-biological methods. Sci Total Environ, 916, 170254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170254 van den Berg, P., Huerta-Lwanga, E., Corradini, F., & Geissen, V. (2020). Sewage sludge application as a vehicle for microplastics in eastern Spanish agricultural soils. Environmental Pollution, 261, 114198. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114198 Vardar, S., Onay, T. T., Demirel, B., & Kideys, A. E. (2021). Evaluation of microplastics removal efficiency at a wastewater treatment plant discharging to the Sea of Marmara. Environmental Pollution, 289, 117862. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117862 Wang, C., Zhao, J., & Xing, B. (2021). Environmental source, fate, and toxicity of microplastics. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 407, 124357. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124357 Wang, F., Wang, B., Duan, L., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., Sui, Q., Xu, D., Qu, H., & Yu, G. (2020). Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in domestic, industrial, agricultural and aquacultural wastewater sources: A case study in Changzhou, China. Water Research, 182, 115956. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115956 Wei, S., Luo, H., Zou, J., Chen, J., Pan, X., Rousseau, D. P. L., & Li, J. (2020). Characteristics and removal of microplastics in rural domestic wastewater treatment facilities of China. Science of The Total Environment, 739, 139935. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139935 Weithmann, N., Möller, J. N., Löder, M. G. J., Piehl, S., Laforsch, C., & Freitag, R. (2018). Organic fertilizer as a vehicle for the entry of microplastic into the environment. Science Advances, 4(4), eaap8060. https://doi.org/doi:10.1126/sciadv.aap8060 Wu, P., Huang, J., Zheng, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., He, F., Chen, H., Quan, G., Yan, J., Li, T., & Gao, B. (2019). Environmental occurrences, fate, and impacts of microplastics. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 184, 109612. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109612 Yang, L., Li, K., Cui, S., Kang, Y., An, L., & Lei, K. (2019). Removal of microplastics in municipal sewage from China’s largest water reclamation plant. Water Research, 155, 175-181. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.046 Yang, Z., Li, S., Ma, S., Liu, P., Peng, D., Ouyang, Z., & Guo, X. (2021). Characteristics and removal efficiency of microplastics in sewage treatment plant of Xi’an City, northwest China. Science of The Total Environment, 771, 145377. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145377 Yu, M., van der Ploeg, M., Lwanga, E. H., Yang, X., Zhang, S., Ma, X., Ritsema, C. J., & Geissen, V. (2019). Leaching of microplastics by preferential flow in earthworm (<i>Lumbricus terrestris</i>) burrows. Environmental Chemistry, 16(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1071/EN18161 Zhang, Z., & Chen, Y. (2020). Effects of microplastics on wastewater and sewage sludge treatment and their removal: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 382, 122955. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122955 Ziajahromi, S., Neale, P. A., Telles Silveira, I., Chua, A., & Leusch, F. D. L. (2021). An audit of microplastic abundance throughout three Australian wastewater treatment plants. Chemosphere, 263, 128294. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128294
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 56 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 39

سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب

پیوندهای مفید

پیوندهای مفید

اخبار و اعلانات

آمار

Occurrence of Microplastics in Influent, Sewage Sludge and Effluent of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant, A Case Study Center of Iran, Qom city