تأثیر سرعت پرواز و دور چرخش نازل میکرونر پهپاد EFT-G620 بر کارایی و بادبردگی علف‌کش نیکوسولفورون در ذرت علوفه‌ای

Ahmad, F., Qiu, B., Dong, X., Ma, J., Huang, X., Ahmed, S., & Chandio, F.A. (2020). Effect of operational parameters of UAV sprayer on spray deposition pattern in target and off-target zones during outer field weed control application. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 172, 105350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105350. 

Aliverdi, A., & Aliverdi, A. (2024). Increased outlet design of flat-fan nozzle improves octocopter unmanned aerial vehicle sprayer’s efficiency. Crop Protection, 182, 106736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2024.10673.

Aliverdi, A., & Karami, S. (2020). The Effect of type and size of single, twin, and triplet flat fan nozzles on the activity of cycloxydim against wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum Koch.). Iranian Plan Protection Research, 33(4), 465-474. https://doi.org/10.22067/jpp.v33i4.81208. (in Persian)

Aliverdi, A., & Sharifi, M. (2020). Interaction effect between nozzle type and application time of day on the efficacy of paraquat to control velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medicus.). Iranian Plan Protection Research, 34(1), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.22067/jpp.v34i1.84218. (in Persian)

Brown, L., Soltani, N., Shropshire, C., Spieser, H., & Sikkema, P.H. (2007). Efficacy of four corn (Zea mays L.) herbicides when applied with flat fan and air induction nozzles. Weed Biology and Management, 7, 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2006.00231.x.

Butts, T.R., Samples, C.A., Franca, L.X., Dodds, D.M., Reynolds, D.B., Adams, J.W., Zollinger, R.K., Howatt, K.A., Fritz, B.K., Clint, H.W., G.R. (2018). Spray droplet size and carrier volume effect on dicamba and glufosinate efficacy. Pest Management Science, 74, 2020-2029. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4913.

Castaldi, F., Pelosi, F., Pascucci, S., & Casa, R. (2017). Assessing the potential of images from unmanned aerial vehicles to support herbicide patch spraying in maize. Precision Agriculture, 18, 76-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-016-9468-3.

Cavalaris, C., Karamoutis, C., & Markinos, A. (2022). Efficacy of cotton harvest aids applications with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and ground-based field sprayers – A case study comparison. Smart Agricultural Technology, 2, 100047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2022.100047.

Chen, P., Lan, Y., Douzals, J.-P., Ouyang, F., Wang, J., & Xu, W. (2020). Droplet distribution of unmanned aerial vehicle under several spray volumes and canopy heights in the cotton canopy. International Journal of Precision Agricultural Aviation, 3, 74-79. https://doi.org/10.33440/j.ijpaa.20200304.136.

Creech, C.F., Henry, R.S., Fritz, B.K., & Kruger, G.R. (2015a). Influence of herbicide active ingredient, nozzle type, orifice size, spray pressure, and carrier volume rate on spray droplet size characteristics. Weed technology, 29, 298-310. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-14-00049.1.

Creech, C.F., Henry, R.S., Werle, R., Sandell, L.D., Hewitt, A.J., & Kruger, G.R. (2015b). Performance of post-emergent herbicides applied at different carrier volume rates. Weed Technology, 29, 611-624. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-14-00101.1.

D’Alessandro, A., Coletta, M., Torresi, A., Dell’Ambrogio, G., Renaud, M., Ferrari, B.J.D., & La Terza, A. (2024). Evaluation of the impact of plant protection products (PPPs) on non-target soil organisms in the olive orchard: Drone (aerial) spraying vs. tractor (ground) spraying. Sustainability, 16, 11302. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411302.

Deng, Q., Zhang, Y., Lin, Z., Gao, X., & Weng, Z. (2024). The impact of digital technology application on agricultural low-carbon transformation—A case study of the pesticide reduction effect of plant protection unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Sustainability, 16, 10920. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410920.

Dengeru, Y., Ramasamy, K., Allimuthu, S., Balakrishnan, S., Kumar, A.P.M., Kannan, B., & Karuppasami, K.M. (2022). Study on spray deposition and drift characteristics of UAV agricultural sprayer for application of insecticide in redgram crop (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.). Agronomy, 12, 3196. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123196.

Sánchez-Fernández, L., Barrera, M., Martínez-Guanter, J., & Pérez-Ruiz, M. (2023). Drift reduction in orchards through the use of an autonomous UAV system. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 211, 107981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.107981.

Gaadhe, S.K., Chavda, D.B., Mehta, T.D., Chavda, S.K., Gojiya, K.M., & Bandhiya, R.D. (2025). A comparative study of drone spraying and conventional spraying for precision agriculture. Plant Archives, 25, 771-778. https://doi.org/10.51470/PLANTARCHIVES.2025.SP.ICTPAIRS-111.

Gauvrit, C., & Lamrani, T. (2008). Influence of application volume on the efficacy of clodinafop-propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on oats. Weed Research, 48, 78-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2008.00599.x.

Green, J.M. (1996). Interaction of surfactant dose and spray volume on rimsulfuron activity. Weed Technology, 10, 508-511. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0890037X00040343.

Grichar, W.J., & Dotray, P.A. (2015). Influence of spray tip and spray volume on the efficacy of imazapic and imazethapyr on selected weed species. American Journal Experimental Agriculture, 8, 75-86. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEA/2015/17209.

He, X. (2018). Rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles for plant protection and application technology in China. Outlooks on Pest Management, 29, 162-167. https://doi.org/10.1564/v29_aug_04.

Hunter, J.E., Gannon, T.W., Richardson, R.J., Yelverton, F.H., & Leon, R.G. (2019). Coverage and drift potential associated with nozzle and speed selection for herbicide applications using an unmanned aerial sprayer. Weed Technology, 34, 235-240. https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.101.

IPPO (2025). Registered Herbicides in Iran. Iran Plant Protection Organization. www.ppo.ir 

Jamali, A., Ahmadvand, G., Sepehri, A., & Jahedi, A. (2010). Critical period of weed control in corn (Zea mays L.). Iranian Plant Protection Research, 24(4), 457-464. https://doi.org/10.22067/jpp.v24i4.8140. (in Persian)

Jebalin, V.V., Rathika, S., & Ragavan, T. (2024). Optimization of herbicide dose and spray fluid for drone-based weed management in irrigated barnyard millet. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 22, 6173-6186. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/2206_61736186.

Jeevan, N., Pazhanivelan, S., & Kumaraperumal, R. (2023). Effect of different herbicide spray volumes on weed control efficacy of a battery-operated unmanned aerial vehicle sprayer in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa). Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 15, 972-977. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i3.4753.

Keshtkar, E., Sasanfar, H.R., Alivardi, A., & Zand, E. (2013(. National application of herbicides via drones: yes or no?. 10th Iranian Weed Science Conference. Hamedan. (in Persian)

Knoche, M. (1994). Effect of droplet size and carrier volume on performance of foliage-applied herbicides. Crop Protection, 13, 163-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(94)90075-2.

Lesnik, M., Kramberger, B., & Vajs, S. (2012). The effects of drift-reducing nozzles on herbicide efficacy and maize (Zea mays L.) yield. Zemdirbyste, 99, 371-378.

Liao, J., Zang, Y., Luo, X., Zhou, Z., Lan, Y., Zang, Y., Gu, X., Xu, W., & Hewitt, A.J. (2019). Optimization of variables for maximizing efficacy and efficiency in aerial spray application to cotton using unmanned aerial systems. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 12, 10-17. https://doi.org/10.25165/j.ijabe.20191202.4288.

Liu, Q., Ma, D., Zhang, H., Wu, L., Zhang, L., Bao, H., & Lan, Y. (2025). Optimization of flight mode and coupling analysis of operational parameters on droplet deposition and drift of unmanned aerial spraying systems (UASS). Agronomy, 15, 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15020367. 

Mamnoie, E., Karaminejad, M.R., Aliverdi, A., & Moeini, M.M. (2022). Application efficacy of newly released pre-mixed herbicide in winter wheat: Joystick^®. Agraarteadus, XXXIII, 118-123. https://doi.org/10.15159/jas.22.13.

McMullan, P.M. (1995). Effect of spray volume, spray pressure and adjuvant volume on efficacy of sethoxydim and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. Crop Protection, 14, 549-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(95)00061-5.

Meyer, C.J., Norsworthy, J.K., Kruger, G.R., & Barber, T.L. (2016). Effect of nozzle selection and spray volume on droplet size and efficacy of Engenia tank-mix combinations. Weed Technology, 30, 377-390. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-15-00141.1.

Naser, N., & Aliverdi, A. 2020. Effect of nozzle type and spray volume on clodinafop-propargyl efficacy in winter wild oat (Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana Durieu.) control. Iranian Journal of Weed Science, 16(1), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.22092/IJWS.2020.1601.1283. (in Persian)

Nelson, K.A., Renner, K.A., & Penner, D. (2002). Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) control and tuber yield with glyphosate and glufosinate. Weed Technology, 16, 360-365. https://doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0360:YNCECA]2.0.CO;2.

Nordin, M.N., Jusoh, M.S.M., Bakar, B.H.A., Basri, M.S.H., Kamal, F., Ahmad, M.T., Mail, M.F., Masarudin, M.F., Misman, S.N., & Teoh, C.C. (2021). Preliminary study on pesticide application in paddy field using drone sprayer. Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal, 2, https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000147.

Ozkan, E. (2024). Drones for Spraying Pesticides—Opportunities and Challenges. Agriculture and Natural Resources. FABE-540

Patten, K. (2002). Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) control with imazapyr. Weed Technology, 16, 826-832. https://doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0826:SCSACW]2.0.CO;2.

Ramsdale, B.K., Messersmith, C.G., & Nalewaja, J.D. (2003). Spray volume, formulation, ammonium sulfate, and nozzle effects on glyphosate efficacy. Weed Technology, 17, 589-598. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT02-157.

Ranabhat, S., & Price, R. (2025). Effects of flight heights and nozzle types on spray characteristics of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer in common field crops. AgriEngineering, 7, 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7020022.

Sánchez-Fernández, L., Barrera, M., Martínez-Guanter, J., & Pérez-Ruiz, M. (2023). Drift reduction in orchards through the use of an autonomous UAV system. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 211, 107981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.107981.

Schumacher, C.E., & Hatterman-Valenti, H.M. (2007). Effect of dose and spray volume on early-season broadleaved weed control in Allium using herbicides. Crop Protection, 26, 1178-1185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.10.014.   

Shaw, D.R., Morris, W.H., Webster, E.P., & Smith, D.B. (2000). Effects of spray volume and droplet size on herbicide deposition and common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) control. Weed Technology, 14, 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0321:EOSVAD]2.0.CO;2.

Sikkema, P.H., Brown, L., Shropshire, C., Spieser, H., & Soltani, N. (2008). Flat fan and air induction nozzles affect soybean herbicide efficacy. Weed Biology and Management, 8, 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2007.00271.x.

Skuterud, R., Bjugstad, N., Tyldum, A., & Terresen, K.S. (1998). Effect of herbicides applied at different times of the day. Crop Protection, 17, 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(98)80020-3.

Umeda, S., Yoshikawa, N., & Seo, Y. (2022). Cost and workload assessment of agricultural drone sprayer: A case study of rice production in Japan. Sustainability, 14, 10850. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710850.

Wang, G., Lan, Y., & Qi, H. (2019). Field evaluation of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer: effect of spray volume on deposition and the control of pests and disease in wheat. Pest Management Science, 75, 1546-1555. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5321.

Wang, C., Herbst, A., Zeng, A., Wongsuk, S., Qiao, B., Qi, P., Bonds, J., Overbeck, V., Yang, Y., & Gao, W. (2021). Assessment of spray deposition, drift and mass balance from unmanned aerial vehicle sprayer using an artificial vineyard. Science of the Total Environment, 777, 146181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146181.

Wang, G., Han, Y., & Li, X. (2020). Field evaluation of spray drift and environmental impact using an agricultural unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer. Science of the Total Environment, 737, 139793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139793.

Wongsuk, S., Qi, P., Wang, C., Zeng, A., Sun, F., Yu, F., Zhao, X., & Xiongkui, H. (2024). Spray performance and control efficacy against pests in paddy rice by UAV-based pesticide application: effects of atomization, UAV configuration and flight velocity. Pest Management Science, 80, 2072-2084. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7942.

Xiongkui, H., Bonds, J., Herbst, A., & Langenakens, J. (2017). Recent development of unmanned aerial vehicles for plant protection in East Asia. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 10, 18-30. https://doi.org/10.3965/j.ijabe.20171003.3248.

Zarifneshat, S., Saeidirad, M.H., Safari, M., Motame AlShariati, H.R., & Naseri, M. (2022). Technical evaluation of agriculture drone sprayer for control of wheat weeds and compare with conventional methods. Agricultural Mechanization and Systems Research, 23(82), 53-70. doi: https://doi.org/10.22092/amsr.2022.360045.1427. (in Persian)

Zhang X, Song X, Liang Y, Qin Z, Zhang B, Wei J, Li Y, & Wu J (2020). Effects of spray parameters of drone on the droplet deposition in sugarcane canopy. Sugar Tech, 22, 583-588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-019-00792-z.