Optimized flotation of smithsonite and hemimorphite using mixed PAX–Armac C collectors: synergistic effects and desliming strategies

[1]. Lahiri AK. Applied metallurgy and corrosion control. Indian Institute of Metals (ed) Applied Metallurgy and Corrosion Control. 2017;38. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4684-1

[2]. Stavroulakis P, Toulfatzis AI, Pantazopoulos GA, Paipetis AS. Machinable leaded and eco-friendly brass alloys for high performance manufacturing processes: A critical review. Metals. 2022;12(2):246. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12020246

[3]. Tang L, Peng H, Kang J, Chen H, Zhang M, Liu Y, et al. Zn-based batteries for sustainable energy storage: strategies and mechanisms. Chemical Society Reviews. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CS00295K

[4]. Dao H, Lakhani P, Police A, Kallakunta V, Ajjarapu SS, Wu K-W, et al. Microbial stability of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Aaps Pharmscitech. 2018;19:60-78. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-017-0875-1

[5]. Calvo G, Valero A. Strategic mineral resources: Availability and future estimations for the renewable energy sector. Environmental Development. 2022;41:100640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2021.100640

[6]. Manca PP, Massacci G, Pintus D, Sogos G. The flotation of sphalerite mine tailings as a remediation method. Minerals Engineering. 2021;165:106862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2021.106862

[7]. Nakhaei F, Rahimi S, Fathi M. Prediction of sulfur removal from iron concentrate using column flotation froth features: comparison of k-means clustering, regression, backpropagation neural network, and convolutional neural network. Minerals. 2022;12(11):1434. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12111434

[8]. Fathi MB, Rezai B, Alamdari EK. Competitive adsorption characteristics of rhenium in single and binary (Re-Mo) systems using Purolite A170. International Journal of Mineral Processing. 2017;169:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2017.10.003

[9]. Mudd GM, Jowitt SM, Werner TT. The world's lead-zinc mineral resources: Scarcity, data, issues and opportunities. Ore Geology Reviews. 2017;80:1160-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.08.010

[10]. Kania H, Saternus M. Evaluation and current state of primary and secondary zinc production—a review. Applied Sciences. 2023;13(3):2003. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13032003

[11]. Moradi S, Monhemius A. Mixed sulphide–oxide lead and zinc ores: Problems and solutions. Minerals engineering. 2011;24(10):1062-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2011.05.014

[12]. Ejtemaei M, Gharabaghi M, Irannajad M. A review of zinc oxide mineral beneficiation using flotation method. advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 2014;206:68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2013.02.003

[13]. Boni M, Mondillo N. The “Calamines” and the “Others”: The great family of supergene nonsulfide zinc ores. Ore Geology Reviews. 2015;67:208-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.10.025

[14]. Abkhoshk E, Jorjani E, Al-Harahsheh M, Rashchi F, Naazeri M. Review of the hydrometallurgical processing of non-sulfide zinc ores. Hydrometallurgy. 2014;149:153-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.08.001

[15]. Hosseini SH. Physicochemical studies of oxide zinc mineral flotation: Luleå tekniska universitet; 2008.

[16]. Albijanic B, Ozdemir O, Nguyen AV, Bradshaw D. A review of induction and attachment times of wetting thin films between air bubbles and particles and its relevance in the separation of particles by flotation. Advances in colloid and interface science. 2010;159(1):1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2010.04.003

[17]. Wang Z, Lu Q, Wang J, Liu J, Liu G, Sun W, et al. Nanomechanical insights into hydrophobic interactions of mineral surfaces in interfacial adsorption, aggregation and flotation processes. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2023;455:140642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140642

[18]. Deliyanni EA, Kyzas GZ, Matis KA. Various flotation techniques for metal ions removal. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2017;225:260-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.11.069

[19]. Nuorivaara T, Björkqvist A, Bacher J, Serna-Guerrero R. Environmental remediation of sulfidic tailings with froth flotation: Reducing the consumption of additional resources by optimization of conditioning parameters and water recycling. Journal of environmental management. 2019;236:125-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.107

[20]. Rao SR, Rao SR. Mechanism of the action of modifying agents. Surface Chemistry of Froth Flotation: Volume 1: Fundamentals. 2004:575-619. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4302-9_12

[21]. Nakhaei F, Corchado-Albelo J, Alagha L, Moats M, Munoz-Garcia N. Progress, challenges, and perspectives of critical elements recovery from sulfide tailings. Separation and Purification Technology. 2024:128973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2024.128973

[22]. Sahoo H, Rath SS, Das B. A review on the application of quaternary ammonium-based ionic liquids in mineral flotation. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 2020;41(6):405-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2019.1635472

[23]. Javdantabar K, Gharabaghi M, Abdollahi H, Mabudi A, Ojaghi Shirmard M. Mixed anionic/cationic collectors for pyrite flotation: An experimental and theoretical study. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 2025;46(1):116-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2023.2264459

[24]. Ejtemaei M, Irannajad M, Gharabaghi M. Influence of important factors on flotation of zinc oxide mineral using cationic, anionic and mixed (cationic/anionic) collectors. Minerals Engineering. 2011;24(13):1402-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2011.05.018

[25]. Song Z, Wen S, Han G, Feng Q. Recent progress on chelating reagents in flotation of zinc oxide ores: A review. Minerals. 2023;13(10):1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13101278

[26]. Bararunyeretse P, Mpawenayo PC, Niyoyitungiye L, Buhungu S. Essentiality, fate, ecotoxicity, and health effects of xanthates and xanthates based-compounds—a review. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection. 2022;10(12):161-203. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2022.1012011

[27]. Liao R, Wen S, Liu J, Bai S, Feng Q. Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study on DDA/DDTC mixed collector co-adsorption on sulfidized smithsonite surfaces. Minerals Engineering. 2024;205:108493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108493

[28]. Baawuah E, Kelsey C, Addai-Mensah J, Skinner W. Comparison of the performance of different comminution technologies in terms of energy efficiency and mineral liberation. Minerals Engineering. 2020;156:106454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106454

[29]. Zhou P, Lu S, Yuan M, Chai T. Survey on higher-level advanced control for grinding circuits operation. Powder Technology. 2016;288:324-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2015.11.010

[30]. Ghanei J. Evaluation of the relation between ore texture and grindability. 2020.

[31]. Valerevich Lvov V, Sergeevich Chitalov L. Comparison of the different ways of the ball Bond work index determining. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology. 2019;10(3).

[32]. Yu Y, Ma L, Cao M, Liu Q. Slime coatings in froth flotation: A review. Minerals Engineering. 2017;114:26-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2017.09.002

[33]. Yin W-z, Sun Q-y, Dong L, Yuan T, Fu Y-f, Jin Y. Mechanism and application on sulphidizing flotation of copper oxide with combined collectors. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2019;29(1):178-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(18)64926-X

[34]. Chowdhry M. Theoretical study on reactivity of different sulfide collectors and their binding affinity toward Cu (II), Zn (II) and Pb (II) ions. 2016. https://doi.org/10.7939/R38C9RF5W

[35]. Moimane T, Peng Y. Sulphidisation of oxides and oxidised sulphides and adsorption of thiol collectors on the sulphidised products-a critical review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 2022;305:102697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2022.102697

[36]. Fuerstenau DW, Urbina RH. Flotation fundamentals. Reagents in mineral technology: Routledge; 2018. p. 1-38.

[37]. Hashemi S, Noaparast M, Mabudi A. Dodecyl Amine Adsorption on the TiO2 (0 0 1) Surface and its Effect on the Surface Wettability: A molecular Dynamics Study. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2025;421:126925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2025.126925

[38]. Rao KH, Forssberg K. Mixed collector systems in flotation. International Journal of Mineral Processing. 1997;51(1-4):67-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-7516(97)00039-2

[39]. Yang X, Albijanic B, Liu G, Zhou Y. Structure–activity relationship of xanthates with different hydrophobic groups in the flotation of pyrite. Minerals Engineering. 2018;125:155-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42824-020-00006-y

[40]. Dhar P, Thornhill M, Kota HR. An overview of calcite recovery by flotation. Materials Circular Economy. 2020;2(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42824-020-00006-y

[41]. Huang X, Zhang Q, Li X, Ao X, Wang X. An hplc method for the determination of amines in flotation pulp based on derivatization. Chromatographia. 2021;84(5):463-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-021-04020-3

[42]. Nakhaei F, Irannajad M. Reagents types in flotation of iron oxide minerals: A review. Mineral processing and extractive metallurgy review. 2018;39(2):89-124.  https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2017.1391245