Decision making and visual perception in soccer players under pressure

Bohloul, Akbar; Shahbazi, Mehdi; Tahmasebi Broujeni, Shahzad; Moghadas Tabrizi, Yousef

doi:10.22059/sshr.2025.388121.1176

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	Decision making and visual perception in soccer players under pressure
Sport Sciences and Health Research
مقاله 10، دوره 17، شماره 1، فروردین 2025، صفحه 107-119 اصل مقاله (458 K)
نوع مقاله: Research Paper
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/sshr.2025.388121.1176
نویسندگان
Akbar Bohloul^* ¹؛ Mehdi Shahbazi²؛ Shahzad Tahmasebi Broujeni³؛ Yousef Moghadas Tabrizi⁴
¹Assistant Professor, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
². Professor of Motor Behavior, Department of Motor Behavior and Sports Psychology, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
³. Professor of Motor Behavior, Department of Motor Behavior and Sports Psychology, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
⁴Associate Professor of Health and Sports Medicine, Department of Sports Injuries and Biomechanics, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده
Background: Players are under more pressure in soccer matches. In those conditions, they must use visual information to make better decisions. However, few studies have investigated such conditions of soccer players. Aim: The aim of the present study investigates the effect of under-pressure conditions on decision-making and visual search behavior of soccer players. Materials and Methods: Eighteen soccer players with a mean age of 14.5 (and SD ±1.5) from Tehran Youth Premier League took part in this study. Decision-making task included 60 images of 3 simulated soccer conditions on a monitor including neutral (no pressure), result pressure, and monitoring pressure. During all of these conditions, eye movements were assessed by an eye tracker device. Results: The results of repeated measures ANOVA test showed the speed and accuracy of decision making, the number of fixations and the mean duration of eye fixation were significantly affected in all three conditions. In addition, the results showed a significant reduction in decision-making speed in two conditions of result and monitoring pressures and a significant increase in decision accuracy and the mean number and duration of eye fixation in the two conditions of result and monitoring pressures compared to neutral pressure. Conclusion: Due to the changes in visual and speed-accuracy mechanism of decision making and the importance of these factors in the successful performance of soccer players, it is recommended that soccer coaches create psychological pressure conditions during training sessions, ask players to see with better concentration and attention, and to decide more quickly and accurately so that they can better overcome the challenges in competition environment.
کلیدواژه‌ها
choking؛ decision-making؛ eye fixation؛ soccer؛ visual
سایر فایل های مرتبط با مقاله 10 Bohloul 1176 2025 17(1) 107-119.pdf
مراجع
[1] Mesagno C, Harvey JT, Janelle CM. "Self-presentation origins of choking: Evidence from separate pressure manipulations". Journal of Sport and Exercisepsychology. 2011; 33(3): 441-59. doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.3.441 [2] Farrow D, Baker J, MacMahon C. Developing Sport Expertise: Researchers and Coaches Put Theory into Practice. Routledge; 2013. doi.org/10.4324/9780203119914. [3] Baumeister RF. "Choking under pressure: self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1984; 46(3): 610. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.610. [4] Baumeister RF, Showers CJ. "A review of paradoxical performance effects: Choking under pressure in sports and mental tests". European Journal of Social Psychology. 1986; 16(4): 36183. doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420160405. [5] Carver CS, Scheier MF. "Self-focusing effects of dispositional self-consciousness, mirror presence, and audience presence". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1978; 36(3): 324. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.36.3.324. [6] Zhao Y. "Choking under pressure in Elite Recurve Archery". Int J Sport Psychol. 2024; 55: 334-53. doi.org/10.7352/IJSP.2024.55.334. [7] Hill DM, Mesagno C. Understanding and Preventing Choking under Pressure in Golf. The Psychology of Golf Performance under Pressure: Routledge; 2023. [8] DeCaro MS, Thomas RD, Albert NB, Beilock SL. "Choking under pressure: Multiple routes to skill failure". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2011; 140(3): 390. doi.org/10.1037/a0023466. [9] Bar-Eli M, Plessner H, Raab M. Judgment, Decision-Making and Success in Sport. John Wiley & Sons. 2011. [10] Almonroeder TG, Tighe SM, Miller TM, Lanning CR. "The influence of fatigue on decision-making in athletes: a systematic review". Sports Biomechanics. 2020. doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2018.1472798. [11] Gantois P, Caputo Ferreira ME, Lima-Junior Dd, Nakamura FY, Batista GR, Fonseca FS, et al. 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[15] Arab M, Boroujeni ST, Arabameri E, Shahbazi M, Shirzad E. "Effect of Arousal on decision making and eye movements in professional volleyball players". Journal of Sport Psychology. 2023; 15(1). doi.org/10.48308/mbsp.2021.210406.0. [16] Murray NP, Lewinski W, Sandri Heidner G, Lawton J, Horn R. "Gaze control and tactical decision-making under stress in active-duty police officers during a live use-of-force response". Journal of Motor Behavior. 2024; 56(1): 30-41. doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2023.2229946. [17] Runswick OR, Roca A, Williams AM, Bezodis NE, North JS. "The effects of anxiety and situation-specific context on perceptual–motor skill: A multi-level investigation". Psychological Research. 2018; 82(4): 708-19. doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0856-8. [18] Kinrade NP, Jackson RC, Ashford KJ. "Reinvestment, task complexity and decision making under pressure in basketball". Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2015; 20:11-9. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.03.007. [19] Mehrsafar Ah. 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"Effects of anxiety on decision making and visual search behaviour in complex sport situations". poster session presenation at the meeting of the Annual Conference of the Sport Science Society of Switzerland, Switzerland. 2014. [24] Nieuwenhuys A, Savelsbergh GJ, Oudejans RR. "Shoot or don't shoot? Why police officers are more inclined to shoot when they are anxious". Emotion. 2012; 12(4): 827. doi.org/10.1037/a0025699. [25] Jones G. "More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport". British Journal of Psychology. 1995; 86(4): 449-78. doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1995.tb02565.x. [26] Hanton S, Neil R, Mellalieu SD. "Recent developments in competitive anxiety direction and competition stress research". International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2008; 1(1): 45-57. doi.org/10.1080/17509840701827445. [27] Nieuwenhuys A, Pijpers JR, Oudejans RR, Bakker FC. "The influence of anxiety on visual attention in climbing". Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2008; 30(2): 171-85. doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.2.171. [28] Wilson MR, Vine SJ, Wood G. "The influence of anxiety on visual attentional control in basketball free throw shooting". Journal of Sport and ExercisePsychology. 2009; 31(2): 152-68. doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.2.152. [29] Lewis BP, Linder DE. "Thinking about choking? Attentional processes and paradoxical performance". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1997; 23(9): 937-44. doi.org/10.1177/0146167297239003. [30] Eysenck M, Wilson MR. Sport Performance, Pressure and Cognition; Introducing Attentional Control Theory: Sport. London: Rotlege. 2016.
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Decision making and visual perception in soccer players under pressure

[1] Mesagno C, Harvey JT, Janelle CM. "Self-presentation origins of choking: Evidence from separate pressure manipulations". Journal of Sport and Exercisepsychology. 2011; 33(3): 441-59. doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.3.441

[2] Farrow D, Baker J, MacMahon C. Developing Sport Expertise: Researchers and Coaches Put Theory into Practice. Routledge; 2013. doi.org/10.4324/9780203119914.

[3] Baumeister RF. "Choking under pressure: self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1984; 46(3): 610. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.610.

[4] Baumeister RF, Showers CJ. "A review of paradoxical performance effects: Choking under pressure in sports and mental tests". European Journal of Social Psychology. 1986; 16(4): 36183. doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420160405.

[5] Carver CS, Scheier MF. "Self-focusing effects of dispositional self-consciousness, mirror presence, and audience presence". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1978; 36(3): 324. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.36.3.324.

[6] Zhao Y. "Choking under pressure in Elite Recurve Archery". Int J Sport Psychol. 2024; 55: 334-53. doi.org/10.7352/IJSP.2024.55.334.

[7] Hill DM, Mesagno C. Understanding and Preventing Choking under Pressure in Golf. The Psychology of Golf Performance under Pressure: Routledge; 2023.

[8] DeCaro MS, Thomas RD, Albert NB, Beilock SL. "Choking under pressure: Multiple routes to skill failure". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2011; 140(3): 390. doi.org/10.1037/a0023466.

[9] Bar-Eli M, Plessner H, Raab M. Judgment, Decision-Making and Success in Sport. John Wiley & Sons. 2011.

[10] Almonroeder TG, Tighe SM, Miller TM, Lanning CR. "The influence of fatigue on decision-making in athletes: a systematic review". Sports Biomechanics. 2020. doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2018.1472798.

[11] Gantois P, Caputo Ferreira ME, Lima-Junior Dd, Nakamura FY, Batista GR, Fonseca FS, et al. "Effects of mental fatigue on passing decision-making performance in professional soccer athletes". European Journal of Sport Science. 2020; 20(4): 534-43. doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1656781.

[12] Parkin BL, Walsh V. "Gunslingers, poker players, and chickens 3: Decision making under mental performance pressure in junior elite athletes". Progress in Brain Research. 2017: 339-59. doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.08.011.

[13] Natsuhara T, Kato T, Nakayama M, Yoshida T, Sasaki R, Matsutake T, et al. "Decision-Making While passing and visual search strategy during ball receiving in team sport play". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2020; 127(2): 468-89. doi.org/10.1177/003151251990.

[14] Corrêa UC, Oliveira TACd, Clavijo FAR, Letícia da Silva S, Zalla S. "Time of ball possession and visual search in the decision-making on shooting in the sport of futsal". International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. 2020; 20(2): 254-63. doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1741916.

[15] Arab M, Boroujeni ST, Arabameri E, Shahbazi M, Shirzad E. "Effect of Arousal on decision making and eye movements in professional volleyball players". Journal of Sport Psychology. 2023; 15(1). doi.org/10.48308/mbsp.2021.210406.0.

[16] Murray NP, Lewinski W, Sandri Heidner G, Lawton J, Horn R. "Gaze control and tactical decision-making under stress in active-duty police officers during a live use-of-force response". Journal of Motor Behavior. 2024; 56(1): 30-41. doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2023.2229946.

[17] Runswick OR, Roca A, Williams AM, Bezodis NE, North JS. "The effects of anxiety and situation-specific context on perceptual–motor skill: A multi-level investigation". Psychological Research. 2018; 82(4): 708-19. doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0856-8.

[18] Kinrade NP, Jackson RC, Ashford KJ. "Reinvestment, task complexity and decision making under pressure in basketball". Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2015; 20:11-9. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.03.007.

[19] Mehrsafar Ah. "Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2". Quarterly of Educational Measurement. 2016; 6(23): 189-211. https://doi.org/10.22054/jem.2016.5738.

[20] Zoudji B, Thon B, Debû B. "Efficiency of the mnemonic system of expert soccer players under overload of the working memory in a simulated decision-making task". Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2010; 11(1): 18-26. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.05.006.

[21] Belletier C, Davranche K, Tellier IS, Dumas F, Vidal F, Hasbroucq T, et al. "Choking under monitoring pressure: being watched by the experimenter reduces executive attention". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2015; 22(5): 1410-6. doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0804-9.

[22] Schmidt RA, Lee TD. Motor Learning and Performance: From Principles to Application. Human Kinetics. 2013.

[23] Vater C. "Effects of anxiety on decision making and visual search behaviour in complex sport situations". poster session presenation at the meeting of the Annual Conference of the Sport Science Society of Switzerland, Switzerland. 2014.

[24] Nieuwenhuys A, Savelsbergh GJ, Oudejans RR. "Shoot or don't shoot? Why police officers are more inclined to shoot when they are anxious". Emotion. 2012; 12(4): 827. doi.org/10.1037/a0025699.

[25] Jones G. "More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport". British Journal of Psychology. 1995; 86(4): 449-78. doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1995.tb02565.x.

[26] Hanton S, Neil R, Mellalieu SD. "Recent developments in competitive anxiety direction and competition stress research". International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2008; 1(1): 45-57. doi.org/10.1080/17509840701827445.

[27] Nieuwenhuys A, Pijpers JR, Oudejans RR, Bakker FC. "The influence of anxiety on visual attention in climbing". Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2008; 30(2): 171-85. doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.2.171.

[28] Wilson MR, Vine SJ, Wood G. "The influence of anxiety on visual attentional control in basketball free throw shooting". Journal of Sport and ExercisePsychology. 2009; 31(2): 152-68. doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.2.152.

[29] Lewis BP, Linder DE. "Thinking about choking? Attentional processes and paradoxical performance". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1997; 23(9): 937-44. doi.org/10.1177/0146167297239003.

[30] Eysenck M, Wilson MR. Sport Performance, Pressure and Cognition; Introducing Attentional Control Theory: Sport. London: Rotlege. 2016.