The psychological state of elite athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic

Shahbazi, Mehdi; Radfar, Forough; Bagherzadeh, Kiana

doi:10.22059/sshr.2024.374138.1130

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	The psychological state of elite athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic
Sport Sciences and Health Research
مقاله 1، دوره 17، شماره 1، فروردین 2025، صفحه 1-12 اصل مقاله (444.39 K)
نوع مقاله: Research Paper
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/sshr.2024.374138.1130
نویسندگان
Mehdi Shahbazi^* ¹؛ Forough Radfar²؛ Kiana Bagherzadeh²
¹Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Science in Sports, Sports and Health Sciences Faculty, University of Tehran, Tehran.
²Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sports, Sports and Health Sciences Faculty, University of Tehran, Tehran
چکیده
Background: The study of the psychological effects of this viral disease on the mental health of individuals at different levels of society, especially elite athletes, is of great importance. Aim: Present study aimed to investigate the psychological status of elite athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this study included 87 Iranian elite and national athletes in various sports. The statistical population of this study included 87 elite and national athletes in various sports. Data were collected using the stress, anxiety, depression inventory (DASS-14), perceived stress inventory (PSS-14), the revised event impact inventory (IES-R), and the Graz Emotional Disorders Questionnaire. Results: There is no significant difference between the components of depression, anxiety, event impact, and emotional disorders (P≥0.05). There is a significant difference between the mean scores obtained by elite athletes and the mean scores of the stress component (P=0.01). The mean scores obtained by elite athletes were lower than the mean scores in the perceived stress component (P=0.001). Conclusion: The elite Iranian athletes in the Corona pandemic are in a relatively good psychological state.
کلیدواژه‌ها
anxiety؛ athletes؛ coronavirus disease؛ depression؛ elite؛ stress
سایر فایل های مرتبط با مقاله 1 Shahbazi 1130 2025 17(1) 1-12.pdf
مراجع
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Depress Anxiety. 2019; 36(9): 846-58. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22915. [30] Muris P, Roelofs J, Rassin E, Franken I, Mayer B. “Mediating effects of rumination and worry on the links between neuroticism, anxiety and depression”. Pers Individ Dif. 2005; 39(6): 1105-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.04.005. [31] Simons JS, Gaher RM. “The distress tolerance scale: Development and validation of a self-report measure”. Motiv Emot. 2005; 29(2): 83-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-005-7955-3. [32] Park SC, Park YC. “Mental health care measures in response to the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Korea”. Psychiatry Investig. 2020; 17(2): 85-6. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0058. [33] Kazeminia M, Salari N, Vaisi-Raygani A, Jalali R, Abdi A, Mohammadi M, et al. “The effect of exercise on anxiety in the elderly worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2020; 18(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01609-4. 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[38] Schinke R, Papaioannou A, Henriksen K, Si G, Zhang L, Haberl P. “Sport psychology services to high performance athletes during COVID-19”. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2020; 18(3): 269-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1754616. [39] Al-Rabiaah A, Temsah MH, Al-Eyadhy AA, Hasan GM, Al-Zamil F, Al-Subaie S, et al. “Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) associated stress among medical students at a university teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia”. J Infect Public Health. 2020; 13(5): 687-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.01.005. [40] Machida M, Irwin B, Feltz D. “Resilience in competitive athletes with spinal cord injury: The role of sport participation”. Qual Health Res. 2013; 23(8): 1054-65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732313493673. [41] Connor KM, Davidson JRT. “Development of a new Resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC)”. Depress Anxiety. 2003; 18(2): 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113. [42] Ramezani F, Hejazi M. “Comparison of mental health, resilience and toughness in a sample of athletes and non-athletes”. Two Q J Clin Psychol Personal. 2017; 15(1): 157-66. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.612532. [43] Richardson GE. “The metatheory of resilience and resiliency”. J Clin Psychol. 2002; 58(3): 307-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10020. [44] Dirmanchi N, Khanjani MS, Injury SC. “Research paper comparison of resilience and self-efficacy in athletes and non-athletes with disabilities caused by spinal cord injury”. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2019; 25(2): 150-63. https://doi.org/10.32598/ijpcp.25.2.150.
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The psychological state of elite athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic

[1] Huang L, Xu FM, Liu HR. “Emotional responses and coping strategies of nurses and nursing college students during COVID-19 outbreak”. medRxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.05.20031898.

[2] Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, Kurosawa M, Benedek DM. “Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations”. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020; 74(4): 281-2. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12988.

[3] Farnoosh G, Alishiri G, Zijoud SRH, Dorostkar R, Farahani AJ. “Understanding the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) based on available evidence- A narrative review”. J Mil Med. 2020; 22(1): 1-11.

[4] Dsouza DD, Quadros S, Hyderabadwala ZJ, Mamun MA. “Aggregated COVID-19 suicide incidences in India: Fear of COVID-19 infection is the prominent causative factor”. Psychiatry Res. 2020; 290:17-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113145.

[5] Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. “The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence”. Lancet. 2020; 395(10227): 912-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.

[6] Jiménez-Pavón D, Carbonell-Baeza A, Lavie CJ. “Physical exercise as therapy to fight against the mental and physical consequences of COVID-19 quarantine: Special focus in older people”. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.03.009.

[8] Hargreaves EA, Lee C, Jenkins M, Calverley JR, Hodge K, Houge Mackenzie S. “Changes in physical activity pre-, during and post-lockdown COVID-19 restrictions in New Zealand and the explanatory role of daily hassles”. Front Psychol. 2021; 12: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.642954.

[9] Iannaccone A, Fusco A, Jaime SJ, Baldassano S, Cooper J, Proia P, et al. “Stay home, stay active with superjump®: A home-based activity to prevent sedentary lifestyle during covid-19 outbreak”. Sustain. 2020; 12(23): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310135.

[10] Naeimikia M, Gholami A. “Effect of physical activity on the level of perceived mental pressure during home quarantine due to coronavirus outbreak maliheh”. Tebe Tavanbakhshi. 2020; 9(3): 217–24. DOI: 10.22037/jrm.2020.114158.2503 Effect.

[11] Ruffault A, Bernier M, Fournier J, Hauw N. “Anxiety and motivation to return to sport during the french COVID-19 lockdown”. Front Psychol. 2020; 11: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.610882.

[12] Shahbazi M, Radfar F, Bagherzadeh K. “Comparison of mental health of active and inactive men and women in Covid-19 pandemic conditions”. Sport Psychology Studies. 2021; 10(37): 289-308. https://doi.org/10.22089/spsyj.2021.10111.2118.

[13] Shadmehr M, Ramak N, Sangani A. “The role of perceived mental stress in the health of suspected cases to COVID-19”. J Mil Med. 2020; 22(2): 115-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30491/JMM.22.2.115.

[14] VaezMousavi M, Shams A. “Mental health of Iranian elite athletes”. Heal Educ Heal Promot. 2017; 05(03): 191-202. https://doi.org/10.30699/acadpub.ijhehp.5.3.191.

[15] Hughes L, Leavey G. “Setting the bar: Athletes and vulnerability to mental illness”. Br J Psychiatry. 2012; 200(2): 95-6. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.095976.

[16] Lovibond P, Lovibond S. “Improved performance of intravascular pO2 sensor incorporating poly(MPC-co-BMA) membrane”. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1996; 34(4): 313-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02511245.

[17] Samani S, Jokar B. “Evaluation of the validity of the short scale of depression, anxiety and stress”. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. 2007; 52(3): 65-77. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-45082016AO3732.

[18] Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. “A global measure of perceived stress”. J Health Soc Behav. 1983; 24(4): 385-96. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404.

[19] Behrouzi N, Shahni Yeelaghi M. “The relationship between perfectionism, perceived stress and social support with academic burnout”. Cult Strateg. 2007; 20: 83-102.

[20] Wiss KMM. “The impact of event scale –revised: psychometric properties in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors”. Bone. 2008; 23(1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.02.007.

[21] Panaghi L, Hakim Shoushtari M. “Validation of the Persian version of the revised event impact scale”. Med Univ Tehran. 2006; 3(64): 52-60.

[23] Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. “Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in January 2020 in China”. Med Sci Monit. 2020; 26: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923921.

[24] Ansari M, Ahmadi Yousefabad S. “Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic”. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 51(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990.

[25] Kaparounaki CK, Patsali ME, Mousa DP V, Papadopoulou EVK, Papadopoulou KKK, Fountoulakis KN. “University students' mental health amidst the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece”. Psychiatry Res. 2020; 290: 113111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113111.

[26] Dubey S, Biswas P, Ghosh R, Chatterjee S, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S, et al. “Psychosocial impact of COVID-19”. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2020; 14(5): 779-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035.

[28] Mammen G, Faulkner G. “Physical activity and the prevention of depression: A systematic review of prospective studies”. Am J Prev Med. 2013; 45(5): 649-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.08.001.

[29] Schuch FB, Stubbs B, Meyer J, Heissel A, Zech P, Vancampfort D, et al. “Physical activity protects from incident anxiety: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies”. Depress Anxiety. 2019; 36(9): 846-58. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22915.

[30] Muris P, Roelofs J, Rassin E, Franken I, Mayer B. “Mediating effects of rumination and worry on the links between neuroticism, anxiety and depression”. Pers Individ Dif. 2005; 39(6): 1105-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.04.005.

[31] Simons JS, Gaher RM. “The distress tolerance scale: Development and validation of a self-report measure”. Motiv Emot. 2005; 29(2): 83-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-005-7955-3.

[32] Park SC, Park YC. “Mental health care measures in response to the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Korea”. Psychiatry Investig. 2020; 17(2): 85-6. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0058.

[33] Kazeminia M, Salari N, Vaisi-Raygani A, Jalali R, Abdi A, Mohammadi M, et al. “The effect of exercise on anxiety in the elderly worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2020; 18(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01609-4.

[34] Costa S, Santi G, di Fronso S, Montesano C, Di Gruttola F, Ciofi EG, et al. “Athletes and adversities: athletic identity and emotional regulation in time of COVID-19”. Sport Sci Health. 2020; 16(4): 609-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-020-00677-9.

[35] Mattioli AV, Ballerini Puviani M, Nasi M, Farinetti A. “COVID-19 pandemic: the effects of quarantine on cardiovascular risk”. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020; 74(6): 852-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0646-z.

[36] Chalmers JA, Quintana DS, Abbott MJA, Kemp AH. “Anxiety disorders are associated with reduced heart rate variability: A meta-analysis”. Front Psychiatry. 2014; 5: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00080

[37] Arnold R, Edwards T, Rees T. “Organizational stressors, social support, and implications for subjective performance in high-level sport”. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2018; 39: 204-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.010.

[38] Schinke R, Papaioannou A, Henriksen K, Si G, Zhang L, Haberl P. “Sport psychology services to high performance athletes during COVID-19”. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2020; 18(3): 269-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1754616.

[40] Machida M, Irwin B, Feltz D. “Resilience in competitive athletes with spinal cord injury: The role of sport participation”. Qual Health Res. 2013; 23(8): 1054-65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732313493673.

[41] Connor KM, Davidson JRT. “Development of a new Resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC)”. Depress Anxiety. 2003; 18(2): 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113.

[42] Ramezani F, Hejazi M. “Comparison of mental health, resilience and toughness in a sample of athletes and non-athletes”. Two Q J Clin Psychol Personal. 2017; 15(1): 157-66. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.612532.

[43] Richardson GE. “The metatheory of resilience and resiliency”. J Clin Psychol. 2002; 58(3): 307-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10020.

[44] Dirmanchi N, Khanjani MS, Injury SC. “Research paper comparison of resilience and self-efficacy in athletes and non-athletes with disabilities caused by spinal cord injury”. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2019; 25(2): 150-63. https://doi.org/10.32598/ijpcp.25.2.150.