Review of Methods for Reducing Prejudice and in-Group Bias

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Brown, R., Eller, A., Leeds, S., & Stace, K. (2007). Intergroup contact and intergroup attitudes: A longitudinal study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(4), 692-703. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.384.

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Cadieux, J., Chasteen, A. L., & Packer, PhD, D. J. (2019). Intergenerational contact predicts attitudes toward older adults through inclusion of the outgroup in the self. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 74(4), 575-584. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx176.

Cialdini, R. B. (2007). Descriptive social norms as underappreciated sources of social control. Psychometrika, 72(2), 263-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11336-006-1560-6.

Collins, K. A., & Clément, R. (2012). Language and prejudice: Direct and moderated effects. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 31(4), 376-396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X12446611.

Costa, D. L., & Kahn, M. E. (2013). Energy conservation “nudges” and environmentalist ideology: Evidence from a randomized residential electricity field experiment. Journal of the European Economic Association, 11(3), 680-702. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeea.12011.

Costa-Lopes, R., Vala, J., & Judd, C. M. (2012). Similarity and dissimilarity in intergroup relations: Different dimensions, different processes. Revue internationale de psychologie sociale, 25(1), 31-65.

Crandall, C. S., & Eshleman, A. (2003). A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice. Psychological bulletin, 129(3), 414-416. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.414.

Crandall, C. S., Eshleman, A., & O'brien, L. (2002). Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: the struggle for internalization. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(3), 359-378. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.359.

Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2012). The imagined contact hypothesis. Advances in experimental social psychology, 46, 125-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394281-4.00003-9.

Crisp, R. J., Stathi, S., Turner, R. N., & Husnu, S. (2009). Imagined intergroup contact: Theory, paradigm, and practice. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00155.x.

Cuddy, A. J., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS map. Advances in experimental social psychology, 40, 61-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(07)00002-0.

Dannals, J. E., Reit, E. S., & Miller, D. T. (2020). From whom do we learn group norms? Low-ranking group members are perceived as the best sources. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 213-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.08.002.

De Tezanos‐Pinto, P., Bratt, C., & Brown, R. (2010). What will the others think? In‐group norms as a mediator of the effects of intergroup contact. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(3), 507-523. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466609X471020.

Dhont, K., & Van Hiel, A. (2011). Direct contact and authoritarianism as moderators between extended contact and reduced prejudice: Lower threat and greater trust as mediators. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(2), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430210391121.

Diehl, M. (1988). Social identity and minimal groups: The effects of interpersonal and intergroup attitudinal similarity on intergroup discrimination. British Journal of Social Psychology, 27(4), 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00833.x.

Dovidio, J. F., Eller, A., & Hewstone, M. (2011). Improving intergroup relations through direct, extended, and other forms of indirect contact. Group processes & intergroup relations, 14(2), 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430210390555.

Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Kawakami, K. (2003). Intergroup contact: The past, present, and the future. Group processes & intergroup relations, 6(1), 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430203006001009.

Dovidio, J. F., Glick, P., & Rudman, L. A. (Eds.). (2008). On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport. John Wiley & Sons.

Faraji-Rad, A., Samuelsen, B. M., & Warlop, L. (2015). On the persuasiveness of similar others: The role of mentalizing and the feeling of certainty. Journal of Consumer Research, 42(3), 458-471. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucv032.

Gómez, A., Tropp, L. R., & Fernández, S. (2011). When extended contact opens the door to future contact: Testing the effects of extended contact on attitudes and intergroup expectancies in majority and minority groups. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(2), 161-173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430210391119.

González, R., & Brown, R. (2006). Dual identities in intergroup contact: Group status and size moderate the generalization of positive attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(6), 753-767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.11.008.

Griffin, G. A. E., Gorsuch, R. L., & Davis, A. L. (1987). A cross-cultural investigation of religious orientation, social norms, and prejudice. Journal for the scientific study of religion, 26(3), 358-365. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386437.

Guimond, S. (2000). Group socialization and prejudice: The social transmission of intergroup attitudes and beliefs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(3), 335-354. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(200005/06)30:3<335::AID-EJSP994>3.0.CO;2-V.

Guimond, S., Dif, S., & Aupy, A. (2002). Social identity, relative group status and intergroup attitudes: When favourable outcomes change intergroup relations… for the worse. European journal of social psychology, 32(6), 739-760. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.118.

Hale, N. M. (1998). Effects of age and interpersonal contact on stereotyping of the elderly. Current Psychology, 17(1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-998-1019-2.

Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual review of psychology, 53(1), 575-604. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135109.

Hiew, D. N., & Hornsey, M. J. (2010). Does time reduce resistance to out‐group critics? An investigation of the persistence of the intergroup sensitivity effect over time. British journal of social psychology, 49(3), 569-581. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466609X473938.

Hubbert, K. N., Gudykunst, W. B., & Guerrero, S. L. (1999). Intergroup communication over time. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23(1), 13-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(98)00024-8.

Ioannou, M., Hewstone, M., & Al Ramiah, A. (2017). Inducing similarities and differences in imagined contact: A mutual intergroup differentiation approach. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20(4), 427-446. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430215612221.

Iweins, C., Desmette, D., Yzerbyt, V., & Stinglhamber, F. (2013). Ageism at work: The impact of intergenerational contact and organizational multi-age perspective. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(3), 331-346. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.748656.

Kawakami, K., Amodio, D. M., & Hugenberg, K. (2017). Intergroup perception and cognition: An integrative framework for understanding the causes and consequences of social categorization. In Advances in experimental social psychology (55), 1-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.001.

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Krebs, D. L., & Denton, K. (1997). Social illusions and self-deception: The evolution of biases in person perception. In J. A. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolutionary social psychology (pp. 21–48). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1456-1.

Kunstman, J. W., Plant, E. A., Zielaskowski, K., & LaCosse, J. (2013). Feeling in with the outgroup: Outgroup acceptance and the internalization of the motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of personality and social psychology, 105(3), 443-457. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033082.

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Leaper, C. (2011). More similarities than differences in contemporary theories of social development?: A plea for theory bridging. Advances in child development and behavior, 40, 337-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386491-8.00009-8.

Lee, Y. T., & Ottati, V. (2002). Attitudes toward US immigration policy: The roles of in-group-out-group bias, economic concern, and obedience to law. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142(5), 617-634. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540209603922.

Lemmer, G., & Wagner, U. (2015). Can we really reduce ethnic prejudice outside the lab? A meta‐analysis of direct and indirect contact interventions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(2), 152-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2079.

Leonardelli, G. J., & Brewer, M. B. (2001). Minority and majority discrimination: When and why. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37(6), 468-485. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.2001.1475.

Leonardelli, G. J., & Toh, S. M. (2015). Social categorization in intergroup contexts: Three kinds of self‐categorization. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9(2), 69-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12150.

Li, Z., Xu, M., Fan, L., Zhang, L., & Yang, D. (2021). Collective self-esteem predicts the extent to which low-status group members favor a high-status outgroup. Current Psychology, 40(5), 2095-2103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-0148-0.

Liebkind, K., Henning‐Lindblom, A., & Solheim, E. (2008). Group size, group status and trait valence as determinants of intergroup bias: Stereotyping in Finland and Sweden. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(4), 637-651. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.533.

Liebkind, K., Mäkinen, V., Jasinskaja‐Lahti, I., Renvik, T. A., & Solheim, E. F. (2019). Improving outgroup attitudes in schools: First steps toward a teacher‐led vicarious contact intervention. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 60(1), 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12505.

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Maunder, R. D., White, F. A., & Verrelli, S. (2019). Modern avenues for intergroup contact: Using E-contact and intergroup emotions to reduce stereotyping and social distancing against people with schizophrenia. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 22(7), 947-963. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430218794873.

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