پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 158 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,240 |
| تعداد مقالات | 67,867 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 115,402,695 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 90,171,262 |
چالش‌های صلحجویی حقوقی در پرتو دادگستری جنایی ترمیمی، در بستر راه ابریشم کهن و نوین | ||
| مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی | ||
| مقاله 4، دوره 16، شماره 1، شهریور 1402، صفحه 75-97 اصل مقاله (660.81 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jcep.2023.352756.450122 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| مهدی خاقانی اصفهانی* ؛ مهرداد رایجیان اصلی | ||
| استادیار گروه حقوق و فقه، پژوهشکدۀ تحقیق و توسعۀ علوم انسانی (سمت)، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| راه ابریشم به‌عنوان نمادی از گفت‌وگوی درون‌تمدنی و همگرایی اقوام و تقویت زمینه‌‌‌‌‌‌‌های فرهنگی، کمتر از دیدگاه حقوقی بررسی شده است. تعامل اقوام بسیار متنوع و ناآشنا با یکدیگر، همواره تنش‌زا و بسترساز درگیری و اختلاف‌ها بر سر دادوستدها و ارتباطات بوده است. از نظر تاریخی، صلحجویی و مفاهمۀ فراتر از صرف اجرای سازوکارهای رسمی و قضایی، در صورت بروز اختلافهای حقوقی در ارتباطات راه ابریشم (الگوی صلحجویی حقوقی ترمیمی)، در مقایسه با ابزارهای تنبیهی و کیفری، راه‌گشاتر در تداوم مسیر کاروان‌ها و ره‌گذران راه ابریشم بوده است. صلحجویی حقوقی بدون تکیه بر قانون‌‌‌‌‌‌‌گذاری، به معنای امروزی و دادرسی قضایی دیوان‌‌‌‌‌‌‌سالار، فرهنگ صلحجویی و میانجی‌گری و سازش در جرائم معمول ارتکابی در راه ابریشم را در طول تاریخ این منطقه از جهان رواج داده است. مقاله این پرسش را می‌کاود که آیینهای حل اختلافات کیفری در مناسبات راه ابریشم کهن - بهویژه میانجی‌گری مبتنی بر عدالت ترمیمی چه ظرفیتی در حل منازعه‌های حقوقی مورد رخداد در راه جدید ابریشم ایجاد می‌کند؟ در پاسخ این فرضیه را دنبال میکنیم که سازوکارهای صلح‌جویانه (دادگستری ترمیمی)، روش عمومی در حل‌وفصل اختلافهای حقوقی در این راه بوده است. پژوهش حاضر به روش کیفی با تحلیل تاریخی و حقوقی صلحجویی کیفری در چارچوب نظریۀ عدالت ترمیمی در جرم‌‌‌‌‌‌‌شناسی به‌عنوان یکی از علوم جنایی، پس از تبیین مبانی نظری صلحجویی حقوقی، نقش روابط فرهنگی و حقوقی در راه ابریشم را با توجه به الگوی انتقال سیاست جنایی از نظر تاریخی بررسی میکنیم. بنابر یافته‌‌‌‌‌‌‌های این نوشتار، بر این اساس که مهم‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ترین رکن روابط بین‌‌‌‌‌‌‌المللی، بهویژه همکاری‌‌‌‌‌‌‌های حقوقی پیمان‌های عرفی بر محور اشتراک‌های فرهنگی تکیه دارد و از دیگر سو، تفاهم حقوقی، از سخت‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ترین جلوه‌‌‌‌‌‌‌های تفاهم فرهنگی است، بهویژه در ملت‌های کهن که جهانی‌‌‌‌‌‌‌شدن و تقریب ارزش‌‌‌‌‌‌‌های واحد حقوق بشری، در غیر از تجربه‌های موفقی همچون راه ابریشم آنچنان مطرح نبوده است، احیای راه ابریشم با طرح «یک کمربند و یک راه» (راه ابریشم جدید)، بدون توجه به تعارض‌های نظام‌های حقوقی کشورهای مسیر حمل‌ونقل با یکدیگر، چالشی از جنس همان مشکل راه ابریشم کهن است. خروج از این چالش در گرو روزآمدسازی آیینهای قضازدایی برای رفع اختلافهای کیفری احتمالی با تدوین رژیم حقوقی برساخته از بازگشتن کشورهای مرتبط از صلاحیت کیفری سرزمینی است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| دادگستری ترمیمی؛ راه ابریشم؛ سیاست جنایی؛ صلحجویی؛ فرهنگ حقوقی؛ سفر؛ کیفرگرایی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Challenges of Legal Peacemaking in the Light of Restorative Justice in the Routes on the Old and New Silk Road Nations | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mahdi Khaghani Esfahani؛ Mehrdad Rayejian Asli | ||
| Assistant Professor, Department of Law & Jurisprudence, The Institute for Research and Development in the Humanities (SAMT), Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction: The Silk Road, as a symbol of inter-civilizational dialogue and ethnic convergence and the strengthening of cultural contexts, has been less studied from a legal perspective. The interaction of very diverse and unfamiliar tribes with each other has always been a source of tension and a source of conflict and disputes over trade and communication. Historically, peace-seeking and understanding beyond the mere implementation of formal judicial mechanisms, in the event of legal disputes in the interactions and communications of the Silk Road (model of restorative legal peace-seeking), in comparison with punitive and penal means, paved the way for caravans and the passage of caravans It was silk. Legal peace-seeking without relying on legislation, in the modern sense, and bureaucratic litigation has perpetuated a culture of peace and mediation and conciliation in common crimes committed along the Silk Road throughout the history of this region of the world. According to the findings of the article, the most important pillar of international relations - especially contractual and customary legal cooperation - rests on the axis of cultural commonality. legal understanding is one of the most difficult manifestations of cultural understanding; in ancient nations, the globalization and convergence of the single values of human rights have not been so important. Creating peace and compromise through arbitration has been one of the usual ways of dealing with claims, which is rooted in the ethics and experiences of ancient civilizations in facing cultural differences. Travels, especially on the Silk Road, have been both a platform for disputes between people of different nations, and have provided a ground for innovation in resolving these disputes, with the help of natural ethics and conscientious dialogue, and without resorting to strict legal rules. All civilizations have had a penal system. Research Question: The article is looking for an answer to the question that the ancient rituals of criminal dispute resolution in the Silk Road relations, especially the restorative justice initiatives in the legal thought of the ancient Iranians, create a capacity for confronting China in resolving legal disputes in the new Silk Road. Research Hypothesis: Although China's ultimate goal of the New Silk Road initiative is to provide the necessary economic, political, security and especially legal grounds to become a regional and global hegemon, this plan faces serious internal, regional and global obstacles and problems, and is facing and ultimately will not achieve China's desired goals to the maximum extent; In particular, it does not seem feasible for the Silk Road countries to have a single legal system to settle disputes arising from goods transit contracts and crimes committed on the transit route and against this route. Methodology and Theoretical Framework: One of the problems in transferring or not transferring the criminal policy of the transit countries of the Silk Road revival plan is the challenge of "non-recognition of laws and judicial judgments of other countries" by the legal system of most countries of the new Silk Road. This article follows the qualitative method, by historical-legal analysis of criminal peacemaking, within the framework of the theory of restorative justice in criminology, in the framework of the historical analysis of the rituals of settling legal disputes in the relations between merchants and people on the Silk Road, analyzes the interaction of the legal systems of different nations in the settlement of disputes in the light of the legal system of ancient Iran. The present article, in the framework of the analysis of the history of the evolution of restorative justice rituals in the wide scope of the evolution of ancient criminal law, analyzes the innovative methods of informal proceedings of crimes that occurred between merchants and with people on the Silk Road, and in the meantime, the rituals of justice It highlights the common restorative punishment in the legal system of ancient Iran. Results and Discussion: The present article, after explaining the theoretical foundations of legal peace-seeking, examines the role of cultural-legal exchanges in the Silk Road in terms of the pattern of criminal policy transmission from a historical point of view and assumes that peace-based mechanisms (restorative justice) are the general tool in solving and the season of legal disputes has been in this way. As a result, reviving the Silk Road with the so-called "One Belt-One Road" scheme, regardless of the conflicts between the legal systems of the transit countries, is a challenge of the same kind as the old Silk Road dilemma. Conclusion: One of the characteristics of the third millennium is the globalization approach, which has undoubtedly changed many security requirements, social control, cultural, political, national and international relations. Despite this, the world community is still facing serious challenges in achieving international peace and security. Many cases of human rights violations have caused the governments of the world to think of finding a solution to prevent such incidents from happening. In general, there are issues that are not unique to a particular society, but are considered common issues of humans in the third millennium, and their global dimension cannot be neglected. One of the most important issues is peace and human rights. The genealogy of peace rituals and cultural dialogue, peace-seeking rituals in ancient civilizations and long-lasting and deep inter-civilizational relations, such as the interactions of the nations of the Silk Road, are manifested. Legal peacemaking based on the hypothesis that "natural justice is a durable foundation for the establishment of eternal peace" has popularized the culture of peacemaking and criminal mediation and compromise in the crimes committed on the Silk Road caravan route. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Restorative Justice, Silk Road, Criminal Policy, Peace Seeking, Legal Culture, Travel | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Ahmadpour, Ayoub (2008),” Iran's Judicial System in the Ancient Era”, Iranian Studies Quarterly, No. 15. pp. 17-40. Available at: https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/30169/22 (Accessed on: 23/5/2023), [in Persian]. Ansarinasab, Moslem and Najmeh Bidmal (2023), Analysis of Iran's Commercial Multilateralism for Optimal Use of the Geopolitical Position of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 103-127, (doi: 10.22059/jcep.2022.338994.450061), [in Persian]. Alibabaei Dormani, Ali (2011), “A study of Sassanid Iran's policy regarding the Silk Road”, Quarterly Journal of Research in History, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 157-167, Available at: https://journals.ut.ac.ir/article_70682.html (Accessed on: 29/5/2023), [in Persian]. Amirahmadiyan, Bahram and Rohollah Salehi Dolatabad (2017), “China's New Silk Road Initiative (Aims, obstacles and challenges)”. Research Letter of International Relations, Vol. 9, No. 36, pp. 1-42, Available at: https://prb.ctb.iau.ir/article_529089.html, [in Persian]. Amin, Seyed Hasan (2016), History of Iranian Law, Tehran, Encyclopedia of Iranology, [in Persian]. Ashrafi, Arsalan, and Reza Moini Rudbali (2022), “A Study on Litigation Methods in the History of Iranian Law”, Speech of History, Vol. 16, No. 38, pp. 111-136, doi: (10.22034/SKH.2022.11929.1247). [in Persian]. Ashrafi, Arsalan, and Mohamad Iravanian (2018), “The Principle of Personal Criminal Responsibility in the Laws of Ancient Mesopotamia and the Divine Religions of the Near East”. Judgment, Vol. 18, No. 94, pp. 139-171. Available at: http://www.ghazavat.org/article_210550.html, (Accessed on: 23/5/2023), [in Persian]. Badamchi, Hossein (2012), Hammurabi's Law, Compiled and Translated from the Akkadian Text", Tehran: Negah Moaser Publishing. [in Persian]. Cullen, Bryon (2023), Lost Laws of the Silk Road, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Braithwaite, John and Yan Zhang (2017), Persia to China: The Silk Road of Restorative Justice I. Asian Criminology 12, 23–38, (doi:10.1007/s11417-017-9244-y). De La Vaissière, Étienne (2005), Sogdian Traders: A History, translated by: James Ward, Brill. Di, Zhiava (2017), “Restorative Justice to Improve the Structure of the "New Silk Road": About the Restorative Mechanisms of Dispute Resolution in the New Silk Road, Proceedings of the Second Biennial International Restorative Justice Conference (Restorative Justice; A Bridge between the Civilizations of the Road) Silk), Tehran: Mizan Publishing, [in Persian]. Dunn, Ros and Laura Mitchell (2014), Panorama: A World History, London: McGraw-Hill Publishings. Eslami shabjare, Rohollah and Mohamad Sahraei (2019), “Sassanid’s Pattern of Foreign Policy”, The Iranian Research Letter of International Politics, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 1-20, (doi: 10.22067/jipr.v6i2.58754), [in Persian]. Farajiha, Mohamad and John Braithwaite (2017), Forgivability and the Deep Structure of Iranian Law, Forthcoming RegNet Working Paper, Australian National University. Fazeli, Mohamadtaqi (2011), “Silk Road and the Function of Iran as Communicative Highway between East and West, Journal of History, Vol. 7, No. 25, pp. 1-16, Available at: https://history.bojnourd.iau.ir/article_517644 (Accessed on: 17/5/2023), [in Persian]. Geong, Su Il (2016) The Silk Road Encyclopedia, Tehran, Allameh Tabatabaee Uiversity Press, [in Persian]. Gholami, Hossein (2018), Restorative Justice, Tehran: SAMT, [in Persian]. Girshman, Roman (1985), Iran from the Beginning to Islam, translated by Mohammad Moin, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications [in Persian]. Hansen, Valerie (2021), Silk Road Cities and their Co-Existing Legal Traditions, in: Research Handbook on International Law and Cities, (doi.org/10.4337/9781788973281). Jany, Janoos (2007), Criminal Justice in Sasanian Persia, Vol. 42, Iranica Antiqua, 347-386. Kavyani, Pooya (2017), Review Iran’s Relations with China and Its Impact on the Medical-Pharmaceutical Achievements and Products in Ancient Era, Journal of Medical History, Vol. 7, No. 22, pp. 31-72, (doi:10.22037/mhj.v7i22.16018), [in Persian]. Mahmoud Gibran, Noman and Qasem Gharib (2017), “Mongols' Efforts to Control the Silk Road (Reasons and Consequences)”, History-Research, No. 72. pp. 191-214, https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1395251 (Accessed on: 2/5/2023), [in Persian]. Mahmoudi Janaki, Firouz (2006), The Informal Justice System in Iranian Law, In: H. J. Albrecht & U. Sieber (Eds.), Conflicts and Conflict Resolution in Middle Eastern Societies: Between Tradition and Modernity, 411–456. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. Meli, Hamidreza, Afshin Mottaghi, Hosein Rabiei, Morad Kaviani Rad (2023), Geoeconomic Explanation of Silk Road and its Effect on Iran's Regional Power. Human Geography Research, (online), (doi: 10.22059/jhgr.2023.357677.1008591), [in Persian]. Pashazanus, Hamidreza. (2016), “Iran-China Cultural Contacts: Achaemenians and Sogdians Role in the Formation and Development of the Silk Road”, Foreign Relations History, Vol. 17, No. 69, pp. 5-34, (doi: 20.1001.1.17352010.1395.17.6869.1.3), [in Persian]. Ravandi, Morteza (1989), the Course of Law and Justice in Iran, Tehran: Cheshme Publishing, [in Persian]. Rezaqoli, Mahmoud (2012), Political History of Ancient Iran, Tehran: Pars Publishing House, [in Persian]. Soleimani, Hosein (2020), Developments of Corporal Punishment in Zoroastrian Legal Texts, in: Encyclopedia of Criminology, Vol. IV, Experimental Criminology, Tehran: Mizan Publishing, [in Persian]. Torabi, Ghasem and Ali Kaveh (2022). “Silk Road Initiative and China Energy Security in West Asia”. Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1-25, (doi:10.22059/jcep.2022.325939.450012), [in Persian]. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/09/05/chinas-great-game-in-iran/ This Isn’t About Iran. It’s About China, 26/6/2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/26/ opinion/trump-iran-china.html, (Accessed on: 17/5/2023) | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 281 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 198 |
||