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اثرات مدیریت زراعی دراز مدت در تشکیل سخت لایه شخم: پیامدهای آن بر ویژگیهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک | ||
تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران | ||
دوره 54، شماره 1، فروردین 1402، صفحه 33-48 اصل مقاله (1.59 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/ijswr.2023.352817.669418 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
علیرضا راهب* 1؛ احمد حیدری2 | ||
1استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک- دانشکده کشاورزی-دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران | ||
2استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران-کرج | ||
چکیده | ||
فشردگی خاک و تشکیل سخت لایه شخم در خاکهای کشاورزی ایران به یک معضل جدی تبدیل شده که بهرهوری منطقه را تهدید میکند. تشکیل سختلایه شخم به دلیل کاربرد درازمدت ادوات خاکورزی در یک عمق ثابت، پیامد مهم شیوه خاکورزی مرسوم در اراضی زراعی است که رشد محصول را کاهش میدهد. برای اثبات وجود سختلایه شخم و درک نقش آن بر ویژگیهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک، 32 خاکرخ (8 خاکرخ در هر منطقه) در چهار استان قزوین، گلستان، مرکزی و خوزستان با اقلیم نیمهخشک حفر، تشریح و نمونهبرداری گردید. در هر چهار منطقه و در 70 درصد از خاکرخها، سختلایه شخم با ضخامت متوسط 24 سانتیمتر در 16 تا 64 سانتیمتری زیر سطح خاک مشاهده شد. در سختلایه شخم نسبت به سایر افقها مقدار تخلخل کل خاک از 7 تا 19% کاهش و میزان جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک بین 5 تا 14% افزایش داشت. عمق تشکیل این لایه و گسترش عمودی آن و همچنین شدت تراکم آن در خاکهای مناطق مختلف، متفاوت بوده است. وجود سخت لایه شخم (بهغیر از منطقه آبیک قزوین) باعث تجمع 14 تا 40 درصدی املاح محلول و ایجاد یک لایه نسبتا شور در زیر افق سطحی (Ap) شده بود. مهمترین دلیل متراکم بودن سختلایه شخم در منطقه زراعی گنبد نسبت به سه منطقه دیگر، بالا بودن میانگین درصد سیلت (حدود 60 درصد) در این منطقه بود. در کنار اثر بافت خاک، غالب بودن روش آبیاری غرقابی در هر چهار منطقه علیرغم خشک بودن اقلیم نیز باعث تشدید تراکم و غیرقابل نفوذ شدن سختلایه شخم به ویژه در مناطق زراعی استانهای گلستان، خوزستان و مرکزی شده است، زیرا شخم سالانه در اعماق ثابت در کنار آبیاری سنگین با حجم زیاد آب، سبب شستشوی ذرات رس و سیلت از سطح خاک و تجمع در عمق متراکم شده میگردد. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
آبیاری؛ امنیت غذایی؛ تخریب خاک؛ کاهش عملکرد؛ مناطق نیمهخشک | ||
مراجع | ||
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