The effects of cognitive and physical training on physiological and psychological levels of anxiety in the female elderly

Taheri, Morteza; Irandoust, Khadijeh; Mirakhori, Fatemeh; Shabani, Ebrahim

doi:10.22059/sshr.2021.85786

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	The effects of cognitive and physical training on physiological and psychological levels of anxiety in the female elderly
Sport Sciences and Health Research
مقاله 2، دوره 13، شماره 2، مهر 2021، صفحه 139-146 اصل مقاله (417.79 K)
نوع مقاله: Research Paper
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/sshr.2021.85786
نویسندگان
morteza taheri^* ¹؛ khadijeh irandoust²؛ fatemeh mirakhori³؛ Ebrahim Shabani⁴
¹Imam Khomeini International University
²Department of Sport Sciences, faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University , Qazvin
³Department of Sport Sciences, faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qavin
⁴Master of Exercise Physiology, Exercise Physiology, University of Zanjan, Iran.
چکیده
Background: Increasing prevalence rate of anxiety disorders in elderly populations especially due to physical limitations has become a key concern for health authorities. Aim: The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of cognitive and physical training on physiological and psychological Levels of anxiety in the elderly. Material and Methods: Forty-nine aged females (62.3±2.6 years) with BMI of 35-49.99 kg/m²were assigned to one of three groups: Cognitive (n= 17), Physical training [yoga] (n= 16) and control group (n= 10). The cognitive training protocol included breathing and imagery/visualization techniques, which lasted for an 8-week period, three sessions a week. Yoga practices comprising Asana and Pranaya training, three times a week, for two months. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was given before and after intervention training. Biofeedback devices was used to monitor galvanic skin resistance and resting heart rate (as physiological and psychological markers of anxiety) in pretest and pre-test phases. The data were analyzed using analysis covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: It was indicated that anxiety score in cognitive training was significantly lower than control group (P= 0.002) and also, anxiety score in physical Training was significantly lower than control group (P= 0.01). No significant difference was found between the two training groups (P= 0.18). Furthermore, both training groups had lower galvanic skin resistance (P< 0.001). In addition, physical training group had a better status of resting heart rate after intervention compared to the cognitive and control groups (respectively, P= 0.04 and P= 0.001). Conclusions: It was concluded that the health benefits of Physical training [yoga] isn’t not specific to maintaining physical health, but also extends to lowering the anxiety in elderly with obesity. It was also suggested that cognitive training can mitigate the anxiety symptoms in the elderly while no physical changes were shown in cognitive training.
کلیدواژه‌ها
anxiety؛ cognitive؛ elderly؛ obese

مراجع
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Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. 2002. [23] Camacho TC, Roberts RE, Lazarus NB, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD. "Physical activity and depression: evidence from the Alameda County Study". American Journal of Epidemiology. 1991; 134(2): 220-31. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116074. PMID: 1862805. [24] Lampinen P, Heikkinen RL. "Gender differences in depressive symptoms and self-esteem in different physical activity categories among older adults". Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal. 2002; 11(2): 171-97. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12285. PMID: 25630931 PMCID: PMC4600361. [25] Irandoust K, Taheri M. "Effect of peripheral heart action training and yoga exercise training on respiratory functions and C-reactive protein of postmenopausal women". Women’s Health Bulletin. 2019; 6(2): 1-7. doi: 10.5812/whb.88027. [26] Irandoust K, Taheri M. "The impact of yoga and pilates exercises on older adults". 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"Effects of mental imagery on muscular strength in healthy and patient participants: A systematic review". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 2016; 15(3): 434. PMID: 27803622 PMCID: PMC4974856. [40] Beauchamp MR, Bray SR, Albinson JG. "Pre-competition imagery, self-efficacy and performance in collegiate golfers". Journal of Sports Sciences. 2002; 20(9): 697-705. doi: 10.1080/026404102320219400. PMID: 12200921. [41] Riley KE, Park CL. "How does yoga reduce stress? A systematic review of mechanisms of change and guide to future inquiry". Health Psychology Review. 2015; 9(3): 379-96. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2014.981778.
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آمار

The effects of cognitive and physical training on physiological and psychological levels of anxiety in the female elderly

[1] Abdessalem R, Boukhris O, Hsouna H, Trabelsi K, Ammar A, Taheri M, et al. "Effect of napping opportunity at different times of day on vigilance and shuttle run performance". Chronobiology International. 2019; 36(10): 1334-42. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2019.164290. PMID: 31368367.

[2] Taheri M, Irani K. "The effect of water-based exercise programs and KSD protocol on general health questionnaire and optimal physical fitness factors affecting female elders balance". Journal of Motor Mehavior. 2014; 6(16): 15-28.

[3] Irandoust K, Taheri M. "The effect of strength training on quality of sleep and psychomotor performance in elderly males". Sleep and Hypnosis (Online). 2018; 20(3): 160-5. doi: 10.5350/Sleep.Hypn.2017.19.0148.

[4] Amini M, Mirmoezzi M, Salmanpour M, Khorshidi D. "Eight weeks of aerobic exercises improves the quality of life in healthy aged sedentary men". Int J Sport Stud Hlth. 2018; 1(1): e67514. doi: 10.5812/intjssh.67514.

[5] Frouzandeh S, Foroughan M, Hosseini MA, Farhadi A, Biglarian A. "The relationship of nursing home caregivers’ awareness and attitude towards elderlies with their job". Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2018; 9(3): 445-52. doi: 10.29252/nkjmd-09039.

[6] Fiori KL, Smith J, Antonucci TC. "Social network types among older adults: A multidimensional approach". The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2007; 62(6): 322-30. doi: 10.1093/geronb/62.6.p322. PMID: 18079416.

[7] Nabevi S. "The study of Catariya Yoga on depression of elders infielder centre of Tehran Farzanegan". Tehran: Islamic Azad University, Breach Science & Research. 2013.

[8] Allender J, Rector C, Rector C, Warner K. Community & Public Health Nursing: Promoting the Public's Health. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2013.

[9] Taheri M, Irandoust K. "The effect of Omega-3 supplementation and functional exercises on the psychomotor performance of aged women in Qazvin". Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2019; 14(1): 2-13. doi: 10.32598/sija.13.10.100.

[11] Mochcovitch MD, Deslandes AC, Freire RC, Garcia RF, Nardi AE. "The effects of regular physical activity on anxiety symptoms in healthy older adults: a systematic review". Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry. 2016; 38: 255-61. PMID: 27579597. PMCID: PMC7194273. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1893.

[12] Alipour F, Sajadi H, Forouzan A, Nabavi H, Khedmati E. "The role of social support in the anxiety and depression of elderly". 2009; 4 (1): 53-61.

[13] Cheniaux E. Manual de psicopatologia. 4a edicao. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara. 2011.

[14] Firozeh Moghadam S, Borjali A, Sohrabi F. "The efficiency of happiness training to increase the hope in elderly people". Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2014; 8(4): 67-72.

[15] Boyd MA. Psychiatric Nursing: Contemporary Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008.

[16] Ryan J, Scali J, Carrière I, Scarabin PY, Ritchie K, Ancelin ML. "Estrogen receptor gene variants are associated with anxiety disorders in older women". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011; 36(10): 1582-6. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.04.011. PMID: 21570196.

[17] Smalbrugge M, Pot A, Jongenelis K, Beekman A, Eefsting J. "Prevalence and correlates of anxiety among nursing home patients". Journal of Affective Disorders. 2005; 88(2): 145-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2005.06.006.

[18] Bergua V, Meillon C, Potvin O, Bouisson J, Le Goff M, Rouaud O, et al. "The STAI-Y trait scale: psychometric properties and normative data from a large population-based study of elderly people". International Psychogeriatrics. 2012; 24(7): 1163-71. doi: 10.1017/S1041610212000300.

[19] Atashi V, Mohammadi F, Dalvandi A, Abdollahi I, Shafiei Z. "Effect of slow stroke back massage on anxiety in patients with stroke-A randomized clinical trial". Journal of Clinical Nursing and Midwifery. 2014; 2(4): 45-52.

[20] Chang MY, Yeh SCJ, Chu MC, Wu TM, Huang TH. "Associations between Tai Chi Chung program, anxiety, and cardiovascular risk factors". American Journal of Health Promotion. 2013; 28(1): 16-22. doi: 10.4278/ajhp.120720-QUAN-356. PMID: 23470186.

[21] Pedersen BK, Saltin B. "Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2006; 16(S1): 3-63. doi: 10.1111/sms.12581.

[22] Health UDo, Services H. Physical Activity fundamental to Preventing Disease. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. 2002.

[23] Camacho TC, Roberts RE, Lazarus NB, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD. "Physical activity and depression: evidence from the Alameda County Study". American Journal of Epidemiology. 1991; 134(2): 220-31. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116074. PMID: 1862805.

[24] Lampinen P, Heikkinen RL. "Gender differences in depressive symptoms and self-esteem in different physical activity categories among older adults". Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal. 2002; 11(2): 171-97. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12285. PMID: 25630931 PMCID: PMC4600361.

[25] Irandoust K, Taheri M. "Effect of peripheral heart action training and yoga exercise training on respiratory functions and C-reactive protein of postmenopausal women". Women’s Health Bulletin. 2019; 6(2): 1-7. doi: 10.5812/whb.88027.

[26] Irandoust K, Taheri M. "The impact of yoga and pilates exercises on older adults". Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2016; 11(1): 152-61. doi: 10.18502/tbj.v21i3.10896.

[27] Taheri M, Modabberi S. "The effect of yoga exercise on selective attention of collegiate athletes following short-term sleep deprivation". Hormozgan Medical Journal. 2019; 23(3): e93835-e. 10.5812/hmj.93835.

[28] Oken BS, Kishiyama S, Zajdel D, Bourdette D, Carlsen J, Haas M, et al. "Randomized controlled trial of yoga and exercise in multiple sclerosis". Neurology. 2004; 62(11): 2058-64. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000129534.88602.5c . PMID: 15184614.

[29] Vijayalakshmi P, Madanmohan BA, Patil A, Babu K. "Modulation of stress induced by isometric handgrip test in hypertensive patients following yogic relaxation training". Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004; 48(1): 59-64. PMID: 15270370.

[30] Goyal R, Lata H, Walia L, Narula MK. "Effect of pranayama on rate pressure product in mild hypertensives". International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research. 2014; 4(2): 67. doi: 10.4103/2229-516X.136776. PMCID: PMC4137644. PMID: 25143878.

[31] Keilani M, Hasenöhrl T, Gartner I, Krall C, Fürnhammer J, Cenik F, et al. "Use of mental techniques for competition and recovery in professional athletes". Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2016; 128(9): 315-9. doi: 10.1007/s00508-016-0969-x. PMCID: PMC4875065. PMID: 26932798.

[32] Irandoust K, Taheri M. "The impact of yoga and pilates exercises on older adults". Sālmand. 2016; 11(1): 152-61. doi: 10.21859/sija-1101152.

[33] Spielberger CD. "State‐Trait anxiety inventory". The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. 2010 . doi: 10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0943.

[34] Jafari M, Pouryamehr E, Fathi M. "The effect of eight weeks high Intensity interval training (HIIT) on e-selection and p-selection in young obese females". Int J Sport Stud Hlth. 2018; 1(1): e64336. doi: 10.5812/intjssh.64336.

[35] Guillot A, Rienzo FD, Frank C, Debarnot U, MacIntyre TE. "From simulation to motor execution: a review of the impact of dynamic motor imagery on performance". International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2021: 1-20. doi: 10.1080/1750984X.2021.2007539.

[36] Meier D. "The effect of mental imagery practice on maximal voluntary strength: A meta-analysis and systematic review: The University of Texas at San Antonio". 2021.

[38] Sharma V, Das S, Mondal S, Goswami U, Gandhi A. "Effect of Sahaj Yoga on neuro-cognitive functions in patients suffering from major depression". Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2006; 50(4): 375. PMID: 17402267.

[39] Slimani M, Tod D, Chaabene H, Miarka B, Chamari K. "Effects of mental imagery on muscular strength in healthy and patient participants: A systematic review". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 2016; 15(3): 434. PMID: 27803622 PMCID: PMC4974856.

[40] Beauchamp MR, Bray SR, Albinson JG. "Pre-competition imagery, self-efficacy and performance in collegiate golfers". Journal of Sports Sciences. 2002; 20(9): 697-705. doi: 10.1080/026404102320219400. PMID: 12200921.

[41] Riley KE, Park CL. "How does yoga reduce stress? A systematic review of mechanisms of change and guide to future inquiry". Health Psychology Review. 2015; 9(3): 379-96. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2014.981778.