پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 158 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,239 |
| تعداد مقالات | 67,849 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 115,368,086 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 90,119,125 |
تعهدات محیط زیستی دولت‌ها در کاهش مخاطرات زیست‌محیطی | ||
| مدیریت مخاطرات محیطی | ||
| مقاله 6، دوره 8، شماره 3، مهر 1400، صفحه 301-320 اصل مقاله (601.52 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: پژوهشی کاربردی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jhsci.2021.329878.671 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سید داود آقائی* 1؛ ندا سعیدی2 | ||
| 1استاد روابط بین‌الملل دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران | ||
| 2کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بین‌الملل | ||
| چکیده | ||
| نظر به اهمیت حق بر حیات به‌عنوان اولین و بنیادی‌ترین حق بشر در اسناد حقوق بشری، بررسی علل و معرفی راهکارهای حقوقی در مقابله با مخاطرات ناشی از بی‌توجهی به اپیدمی کووید 19 و تغییرات اقلیمی در چارچوب قواعد حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست ضروری است. بر این اساس، توجه هر چه بیشتر دولت‌ها به پیشگیری و پاسخ مناسب به مخاطرات زیست‌محیطی ضرورت دارد. پرسش اصلی آن است که دولت‌ها در زمینۀ کاهش مخاطرات زیست‌محیطی چه تعهداتی برمبنای حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست دارند؟ پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی تحلیلی و با بهره‌گیری از منابع کتابخانه‌ای، در پی تبیین تکالیف و تعهدات محیط زیستی دولت‌ها در مقابله با تغییرات اقلیمی و کاهش مخاطرات زیست‌محیطی ناشی از آن از جمله کرونا است. یافته‌های مقاله بیانگر آن است که با بروز همه‌گیری کرونا، حفاظت از محیط زیست به‌عنوان یکی از مصادیق نسل سوم حقوق بشر، در جهت کاهش و مدیریت مخاطرات زیست‌محیطی اهمیت بسزایی دارد و دولت‌ها باید در راستای حق حیات و حق بر سلامت افراد، تعهدات محیط زیستی پیشین خود را که در جایگاه متزلزلی قرار دارد با حسن نیت انجام دهند و در این زمینه، همکاری‌های بین‌المللی را در اجرای استانداردهای محیط زیستی در سطح ملی و بین‌المللی ارتقا دهند. در عین‌حال باید توجه داشت که بحران‌های اقتصادی پس از وضعیت اضطرار موجود ناشی از شیوع همه‌گیری کرونا، موجب افزایش اقدامات اقتصادی و مخاطرات زیست‌محیطی بیشتر خواهد شد. بر این اساس، توجه به اصل همکاری متقابل دولت‌ها در اجرای اصول حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست و توسعۀ حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست و نیز تأسیس یک سازمان بین‌المللی حفاظت از محیط زیست، با هدف اتخاذ و اجرای سیاست‌ها و قواعد محیط زیستی مقتضی در شرایط پیش روی ناشی از همه‌گیری، پیشنهاد‌های مقاله حاضر است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| تعهدات دولت‌ها؛ حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست؛ مخاطرات تغییرات اقلیمی؛ مخاطرات زیست‌محیطی؛ مخاطرات ویروس کرونا | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Environmental obligations of States in reducing environmental hazards | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Seyed Davood Aghaee1؛ Neda Saeidi2 | ||
| 1Professor, PhD of International Relations, Faculty of law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Master of International Law, Azad University, Central Tehran branch | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction The corona virus, scientifically named Covid 19, has become a threat to world health and human activities in 2020. Since the virus targets the right to life, it is important to review international legal solutions that address and reduce such risks. The most important human rights obligation of States is to guarantee the right to life, which is the highest human right, without which other rights would be meaningless, so it must be respected in all circumstances and even in emergencies. Objective The purpose of this study is to identify the obligations of States in reducing environmental hazards, and also to examine the relationship between corona and environmental hazards, as well as biosafety, in order to examine the fact that despite existing rules and regulations to protect the environment against the developed genetically recombinant organisms that are contagious to viruses, including the corona virus is one of the main objectives of this research Research Method The aim of this study is to increase understanding and knowledge in the field of international obligations of States in dealing with environmental hazards and in particular climate change and to present the results in order to promote international cooperation in implementing the principles of international environmental law, and it is practical. In this study, using library research to examine the interaction between climate change and corona as two mutual environmental hazards as well as quarantine and necessary closure of communities to prevent the risk of spreading the corona virus, and the commitments of governments in this regard are described and analyzed. Thus, the present article is divided into two parts. The first part includes the effects of climate change and corona and the second part includes the obligations and duties of governments in the system of international environmental law in relation to climate change and corona virus. Results Occurrence of environmental hazards such as corona virus is one of the most serious threats to human life. The study results show that, as many infectious diseases such as AIDS, SARS and Ebola, which have been transmitted from animals to human beings, it is clear that the corona virus has been transmitted in the same way [20]. The corona virus pandemic is a prime example of the molecular interconnectedness of the universe, and because a transmissible virus mutates between wildlife and humans and is pathogenic, it is reminiscent of a butterfly effect. On the other hand, neglecting the warnings of scholars and not paying attention to climate change and ecosystems has led to the emergence and spread of diseases transmitted from wildlife to humans. Given the increasing trend of climate change and its effects on ecosystems, the prevalence of many known or unknown types of corona virus in the International Committee for the Classification of Viruses as well as similar corona diseases of animal origin is not unexpected. Studies show that the spread of coronavirus is increasing in more infected areas and cities [4]. Also, the coronavirus epidemic is a problem caused by governments' disregard for the environment and environmental commitments before it targets human health. The Stockholm Declaration of Principles includes the commitment of governments to use science and technology to identify, avoid and control environmental hazards and to address environmental issues in the public interest, which has been a biological problem since the outbreak of the coronavirus. Environment highlights this principle as a fundamental obligation for States [36]. Given recent findings and the fact that the corona virus is a living microorganism that exists in the bat body and in some ecosystems, it seems to have been defined in Article 2 of the Convention and in accordance with Article 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Ecosystems and the Preservation of this Microorganism and other similar living organisms in their original place are among the obligations of states. Also, under Article 3 of the Convention, States are committed to using their resources to ensure that activities carried out in the territory or in areas under their control do not cause damages to the environment of other countries or areas outside the territory [37]. Conclusion To assess the crisis caused by the outbreak of coronavirus in the field of environment, various aspects of the issue should be considered, including environmental hazards and the interaction of these two phenomena with each other. Although with the corona outbreak, according to statistical data collected by NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Global Carbon Project, the weather has temporarily improved during the Corona Pandemic, environmental quality, water quality, and noise pollution in quarantine due to reduced use of transportation, halting or reduction of industrial activities and electricity demand, emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide have been significantly reduced. On the other hand, the emergence of the corona virus as one of the consequences of not paying attention to the environment and especially climate change, environmental protection in the post-corona period is a serious concern that should be imposed by enforcing international rules for States to ensure sustainable development and prevent environmental hazards and climate change, which can be implemented only through cooperation and solidarity between developed and developing States. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| corona virus hazards, environment, international environmental law, climate change hazards | ||
| مراجع | ||
[2]. Climate Change (2021). “The Physical Science Basis Summary for Policymakers Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change”.
[3]. Draft resolution on a protocol concerning CFCS 1985.
[4]. Encyclopedia of public International Law, vol. 2.
[5]. Frederick W. Lipfert & Ronald E. Wyzga, “COVID-19 and the Environment, Review and Analysis Environment”, MDPI.
[6]. Giuseppina La Rosa, Lucia Bona donna, Luca Lucentini, Sebastien Kenmoe, Elisabetta Suffredini, 15 July 2020, “Coronavirus in water environments: Occurrence, persistence and concentration methods - A scoping review”, Panel Water Research, Volume 179,115899.
[7]. Harris, G. paul (1999). “Common but differentiated responsibility: The Kyoto protocol and united state policy”, new York state university. Environmental law journal, vol. 7 (1).
[8]. HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT, HEALTHY PEOPLE (2016). “Thematic report Ministerial policy review session Second session of the United Nations Environment Assembly of the United Nations Environment Programme Nairobi”, pp: 23–27.
[9]. Hiroshi Nishiura, and Nobuo Mimura (2021). “Research Agenda of Climate Change during and after the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic”, Journal of clinical medicine.
[10]. Hui D.S., Azhar E., Madani T.A., Ntoumi F., Kock R., Dar O. (2020). “The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health-The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan”, China. Int. J. Infect, Dis. 91, pp: 264–266.
[11]. HSOA Journal of Clinical Studies & Medical Case Reports.
[12]. IEA Global Energy Review (2020). “The Impacts of the Covid-19 Crisis on Global Energy Demand and CO2 Emissions”, 21 December 2020.
[13]. Indranil Chakraborty, Prasenjit Maity (2020). “COVID-19 outbreak: Migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention”, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 728, 138882.
[14]. IPCC first assessment report: Climate Change: the IPCC response strategies (1991).
[15]. Jeffrey A.Mcneely. (2021). “Nature and COVID-19:The pandeminc, the environment, and the way ahead. The World after COVID-19: Early Lessons”, KUNGL VETENSKAPS AKADEMIEN.
[16]. Kristin Bergquist Ann (2017). Business and Sustainability: New Business History Perspectives, Harvard Business School.
[17]. Malcolm N. Shaw (2017). International law, Eight Edition, Cambridge University Press.
[18]. Manuel Carabantes (2021). “The Coronavirus as a Revenge Effect: The Pandemic from the Perspective of Philosophy of Technique”, SAGE Journals.
[19]. Matthew Collins (UK), Reto Knutti (Switzerland) Lead Authors, Long-term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
[20]. Meghan Elisabeth Clarke (2010). Climate Change and Human Rights: A Case Study of the Canadian Inuit and Global Warming in the Canadian Arctic, University of Toronto.
[21]. Muhammad Usman, Mudassir Husnain, Aimon Riaz, Areej Riaz & Yameen Ali (2021). “Climate change during the COVID-19 outbreak: scoping future perspectives”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
[22]. M. Urrutia-Pereiraa, C.A. Mello-da-Silvac, D. Solé (2020). “POINT OF VIEW COVID-19 and air pollution: A dangerous association?”, Allergologia et Immunopathologia, Volume 48, Issue 5.
[23]. Nicole de Paula, Ph.D. Elizabeth Willetts, March (2021). “COVID-19 and Planetary Health: How a Pandemic Could Pave the Way for a Green Recovery”.
[24]. Protocol on Substances that Deplet the Ozone Layer (1987). Draft Resolution on a Protocol Concerning CFCS, Montreal .16, Sep, 1987.
[25]. Rajmani lavanya (2000). “The principle of common but differentiated responsibility and the balance of commitments under the climate regime”, Reveiw of European community and international environmental law.
[26]. Report on Health, Environmental, and Climate Impacts of Air Pollution, Our Nation’s Air (2008).
[27]. Robert Skopec, Researcher-Analyst, Dubnik, Slovakia (2020). “Coronavirus is a Biological Warfare Weapon”, Published Date: Dec 31.
[28]. Sailesh Mehta, Perisca Merz (2015). “Ecocide – a new crime against peace?”, Environmental Law Review, Vol. 17(1), pp: 3–7, Sage.
[29]. Sindy San Juan-Reyes, Leobardo Manuel Gomez-Olivan, Hariz Islas-Flores (2021). “COVID-19 in the environment”, Chemosphere, Volume 263, 127973.
[30]. The convention on biological diversity, United nations, 1992.
[31]. Thematic report Ministerial policy of the United Nations Environment Assembly, 2016, 7.
[32]. UNFCCC, Ad hoc group on the berlin mandate, sixth session, bonn, 3-7 march 1997.
[33]. United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, Sweden, June 5–16 in 1972.
[34]. Xiao Wu, Rachel C Nethery,M Benjamin Sabath, Danielle Braun, Francesca Dominici (2020). “Exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: A nationwide cross-sectional study”.
[35]. Xing‐Yi Ge, Ben Hu, and Zheng‐Li Shi (2015). Bat coronaviruses. Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, China.
[36]. Yi Fan, Kia Zhao, Zheng Li Shi, Peng Zhou (2019). Bat coronaviruses in China, CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China,. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 525 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 386 |
||