پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 158 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,230 |
| تعداد مقالات | 67,757 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 115,113,030 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 89,876,781 |
ابتکار یک کمربند و یک راه؛ تقویت رقابت یا همکاری چین و روسیه در آسیای مرکزی در حوزۀ انرژی (2019-2014) | ||
| مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی | ||
| دوره 14، شماره 1، شهریور 1400، صفحه 127-151 اصل مقاله (216.58 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jcep.2021.310345.449953 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| طیبه واعظی1؛ امید خزائی* 2 | ||
| 1استادیار مطالعات منطقه‌ای، دانشگاه تهران | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری روابط بین‌الملل، دانشگاه خوارزمی | ||
| چکیده | ||
| دهه‌ها انرژی به‌ویژه نفت‌وگاز از مهم‌ترین عناصر رشد و توسعۀ اقتصادی کشورها و تبدیل‌شدن آن‌ها به قدرت منطقه‌ای و بین‌المللی بوده است. بر همین اساس، همواره مناطق دارای انرژی و مسیرهای انتقال آن برای کشورهای واردکننده و صادرکننده اهمیت بسیار زیادی دارد. چین به این منابع برای تداوم و توسعۀ رشد اقتصادی خود به‌شدت نیاز دارد. از این‌رو، این کشور به مناطق دارای انرژی برای تأمین نیازهای توسعه‌ای خود توجه کرده است و طرح‌هایی چون ابتکار یک کمربند و یک راه را برای دستیابی به منابع انرژی پایدار و امن در مناطق مختلف به‌ویژه منطقۀ آسیای مرکزی طرح‌ریزی کرده است. این منطقه «خارج نزدیک» روسیه محسوب می‌شود و نسبت به نفوذ دیگر قدرت‌ها به این منطقه و دستیابی به منابع انرژی آن‌ها توجه و حساسیت دارد. در این نوشتار با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، چگونگی تأثیر طرح «احیای جادۀ ابریشم» بر روابط چین و روسیه در آسیای مرکزی در حوزۀ انرژی در سال‌های 2014 تا 2019 را بررسی می‌کنیم. براساس یافته‌های این نوشتار، گسترش همکاری‌های چین با کشورهای آسیای مرکزی به‌ویژه قزاقستان و ترکمنستان در چارچوب طرح یک کمربند و یک راه در سال‌های 2014 تا 2019، سبب برانگیختن نگرانی‌های رقابتی روسیه شده است. در نتیجه، مقام‌های چینی هم‌زمان طرح‌هایی را برای گسترش مبادلات و همکاری‌های انرژی با روسیه در قالب این طرح اجرا کرده‌اند. بنابراین می‌توان گفت طرح «یک کمربند و یک راه» چین، هم‌زمان رقابت و همکاری در روابط پکن و مسکو را در حوزۀ انرژی تقویت کرده است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| ابتکار یک کمربند و یک راه؛ انرژی؛ رقابت؛ نوسوداگری؛ همکاری اقتصادی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| China’s Silk Road Initiative; Strengthening China-Russia Competition or Cooperation in Central Asia in the Field of Energy (2014-2019) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Tayebeh Vaezi1؛ Omid Khazaii2 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor of Regional Studies, University of Tehran | ||
| 2Ph.D. Student of International Relations, Kharazmi University | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Energy resources, especially oil and gas, have always been one of the most important elements of reliance for exporters as well as importing countries to strengthen their economies. On this basis, countries with energy resources have been given special attention by importing countries. In this way, they have sought to dominate these resources and countries in various ways. Central Asian countries have also become a battleground for regional and global powers for access and control of their energy resources. Those global and regional powers that have tried to keep their presence in this competition are the United States, Russia, and China. Meanwhile, China is paying more attention to these countries due to its border proximity and the need for their resources for its industry and maintaining economic growth while Russia is trying to strengthen its economy, which relies on the export of energy resources. Russia is also very sensitive to the presence of other powers in the region and has tried to keep them in orbit through various means, including dominating energy transmission lines and buying shares in the oil and gas companies of these countries. On the other hand, the countries of this region have always tried to diversify their energy transmission lines and share different countries in the field of oil and gas resources by using their investments in their energy sector. Therefore, China’s presence in the region in the form of the New Silk Road initiative and its investment in various sectors, especially the energy industries of these countries has been welcomed. The new Silk Road, also known as the Belt and Road Initiative, was first proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping during a visit to Central Asia in 2013. This project is an important idea of China’s economic connection with Central Asia and works to meet China’s economic needs and access to energy resources in Central Asia. However, China’s efforts to its presence are in direct contrast with Russia’s efforts, as Central Asia has traditionally been Russia’s sphere of influence. Since 2000, Russia has stepped up its activities in Central Asia intending to play a leading role in the region. China’s massive economic presence in Central Asia runs counter to Russia's goals and initiatives, including the Eurasian Economic Union initiative to restore its regional prominence. The Belt and Road Initiative is China’s most important and largest project for developing the export of goods and gaining access to markets and energy resources for energy-rich countries. The project has designed various routes to achieve China’s energy needs, the most important of which is the Central Asian route to China, through which China has been able to enter the region in the framework of bilateral plans and agreements. In addition, by investing in the energy sector of these countries and buying their share of oil fields, they will be able to have an access to energy resources more securely than any other routes through which China supplies its energy demands. According to the above-mentioned facts, China needs energy for reasons including its economic growth, economic security, and energy security with the support of major energy companies. For this reason, the country aims to control oil and gas production and supply chains with special attention to reliable energy-producing countries. Central Asian countries need foreign capital for investments and diversify their export routes. Russia is sensitive to its near abroad and needs energy resources to fulfill export commitments to other countries and strengthen its economic growth. In this present study, the author has used analytical methods to examine the impact of the Silk Road Initiative on Sino-Russian relations in Central Asia in the field of energy from 2014 to 2019. According to this study, the expansion of China’s cooperation with Central Asian countries, especially Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan in the framework of the Silk Road Initiative from 2014 to 2019, has praised Russia’s competitive concerns. As a result, Chinese officials have simultaneously implemented plans to expand energy exchanges and cooperation with Russia in the form of this plan. As a result, it can be said that the China Silk Road initiative has simultaneously strengthened the competitive and cooperative nature of Beijing-Moscow energy relations. Many observers see Central Asia as the most likely source of tensions and rivalries between China and Russia over issues like political, military, and economic influence. However, what has mostly affected relations between the two countries in recent years is the issue of energy. Therefore, it can be said that in the future, the issue of energy and the Central Asian region will be one of the important factors affecting the cooperation between China and Russia. In general, it can be concluded that China’s presence in various projects, especially the Belt and Road Initiative, as well as concluding bilateral agreements with Central Asian countries, especially Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, which have a higher capacity, especially in the field of energy, to enter the Belt and Road Initiative, has aroused Russia’s sensitivity. The region has been the traditional sphere of influence of Russia and in many cases, it has tried to create obstacles and prevent the presence of other countries in its near abroad. An example of this has been the increase in purchasing prices from these countries and the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union in the region in competition with the Belt and Road initiative. On the other hand, China by realizing these sensitivities has refrained from participating in security issues in the region and has handed them over to Russia to reduce Russia’s sensitivities. Therefore, due to Russia’s economic difficulties since 2014 and the sanctions imposed on the country by the West, the country has welcomed China’s presence and its investments in the energy sectors of Central Asia and even Russia. With all these interpretations, although Russia and China have become strategically closer in recent years, several strategic partnership factors limit them globally. Similarly, their interests in Central Asia combine a combination of elements of cooperation and competition and reduce the likelihood of a Russian-Chinese condominium in the region. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Competition, Economic Cooperation, Energy, Neo-Mercantilism, Silk Road Initiative | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Amir Ahmadian, Bahram and Rohoallh Salehi Dolatabad (2013), “China’s Goals and Strategies in Central Asia”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, Vol. 6, No. 84, pp. 1-30 [in Persian].
Asadi Kia, Behnaz (2008), “Russia is a Superpower of Energy”, Collection of Eurasian Energy Articles: Strategic Research Center, No. 16, pp. 56-60 [in Persian].
“Belt and Road Initiative” (2020), The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Available at: https://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/belt-and-road/overview.html, (Accessed on: 30/1/2020).
Bergsager, Henrik (2012), “China, Russia and Central Asia: the Energy Dilemma”, Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Available at: https://www.fni.no/ getfile.php/132113- 1469870356/Filer/Publikasjoner/FNI-R1612.pdf, (Accessed on: 25/8/2021).
Carlson, Brian (2007), “The Limits of Sino-Russian Strategic Partnership in Central Asia”, Journal Al-Farabi Kazakh National University in Almaty, Kazakhstan, Vol. 5, No. 17, pp. 166-187.
“China’s Oil Demand to Peak by 2030: CNPC” (2019), Argues Media Group, Available at: https://www-argusmedia-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ v/s/www.argusmedia.com/en/news/1967517-chinas-oil-demand-to-peak-by-2030-cnpc?amp, (Accessed on: 30/1/2020).
Durdu, C. B. and M. E. Terrones (2009), “Precautionary Demand for Foreign Assets in Sudden Stop Economies: an Assessment of the New Mercantilism”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 89, No. 2, pp. 194-209.
Gerriey, Paolo and Carlo Padoan (1986), “Neomercantilism and International Economic Stability”, International Organization, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 29-42.
Goldman, Petrostate (2008), The Close Symbiosis of Russian Energy Companies and the State is Detailed in Marshall I Putin: Power and the New Russia, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grieger, Gisela (2017), “Foreign Direct Investment Screening”, Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu, (Accessed on: 23/10/2017).
Grygiel, Jakub (2006), Great Powers and Geopolitical Change, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hamidinia, Hosein and Rohoallh Salehi (2015), “The Energy of the “New Big Game” in Central Asia: a Case Study of Russia, the United States and China”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, Vol. 9, No. 90, pp. 67-96 [in Persian].
Irina, Ionela (2010), “China’s Energy Strategy in Central Asia: Interactions with Russia, India and Japan”, UNISCI Discussion Papers, No. 24, pp. 197-220.
Javaid, Umbreen and Mir Waheed Akhlaq (2018), “Situating Central Asia in China’s One Belt One Road Initiative”, Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 227-241.
Jian, Zhang (2014), “China’s Energy Security: Prospects, Challenges and Opportunities”, Energy Information Administration China, Available at: www.eia.gov, (Accessed on: 7/11/2017).
Kaczmarski, Marcin (2019), “Russia-China Relations in Central Asia: Why is There a Surprising Absence of Rivalry?”, University of Glasgow, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 1-10.
Keck, Zachary (2014), “China and Russia Sign Massive Natural Gas Deal”, Diplomat, Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2014/05/china-and-russia-signmassive-natural-gas-deal/, (Accessed on: 21/5/2014).
Lee, Y. (2013), “Higher Debt at China’s Oil Firms Could Show”, Wall Street Journal, Available at: www.wst.com/Articles/Sb100019211288c, (Accessed on: 21/11/2014).
Li, Siyao (2016), “The New Silk Road: Assessing Prospects for “Win-Win” Cooperation in Central Asia”, International Affairs Review, Available at: http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/authors/3239/siyao-li, (Accessed on: 15/8/2016).
Liao, Janet Xuanli (2019), “China’s Energy Diplomacy towards Central Asia and the Implications on its “Belt and Road Initiative”, The Pacific Review, Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2019.1705882, (Accessed on: 25/8/2021).
Martynenko, Stanislav E. and Nickolay P. Parkhitko (2019), “Russian-Chinese Cooperation in Central Asia in the Context of ‘Belt and Road Initiative’: Historical Retrospective and Economic Prospects”, RUDN Journal of Russian History, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 845-864.
McCarthy, Joseph (2013), “Crude Oil Mercantilism: Chinese Oil Engagement in Kazakhstan”, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 86, No. 2, pp. 257-280.
Menon, Rajan (2011), “The Limits of Chinese-Russian Partnership”, Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 99-133.
Miller, Tom (2017), China’s Asian Dream: Empire Building along the New Silk Road, London: ZED Books.
Mirtorabi, Saeed (2012), Islamic Awakening and Political Economy of Oil in Middle East, Tehran: Imam Sadegh [in Persian].
Mirtorabi, Saeed and Hadi Torki (2019), “China’s Silk Road Initiative Seeks Energy Security and Export Developmen”, International Political Economy Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 427-451 [in Persian].
Mousavi, Masoud and Goltab Darabi (2011), “Goals and Dimensions of Chinese Energy Diplomacy”, Quarterly Foreign Relations, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 53-80 [in Persian].
Mustafic, Almir (2016), “China’s One Belt, One Road and Energy Security Initiative: a Plan to Conquer the World”, Sarajevo Journal of Social Sciences Inquiry, No. 2, pp. 107-135.
Noori, Alireza (2007), “Parties and the Russian Foreign Policy Process under Putin”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, Vol. 4, No. 58, pp. 189-216 [in Persian].
Powell, Robert (1991), “Absolute and Relative Gains in International Relations Theory”, American Political Science Review, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 1303-1320.
Rafiee, Hossein and Mohsen Jami Bakhtiari (2016), “Neomercantilist Approach of Russia and China to Central Asian Energy”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, Vol. 24, No. 95, pp. 33-64 [in Persian].
Sajadpoor, Mohamad Kazem and Elham Khalili (2018), “The Role of Economic Cooperation in the Strategic Relations of China and Russia”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, Vol. 26, No. 101, pp. 1-28 [in Persian].
Simbar, Reza and Meysam Rezapoor (2020), “Analysis of Russia’s Geopolitical Policies in Central Asia with Emphasis on the Chinese Factor”, Politics and International Relations, Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 138-165 [in Persian].
Smith Stegen, Karen and Julia Kusznir (2015), “Outcomes and Strategies in the New Great Game: China and the Caspian States Emerge as Winners”, Journal of Eurasian Studies, Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 91-106.
Stocking, Andrew and Terry Dinan (2015), “China’s Growing Energy Demand: Implications for the United States, Available at: http://go.usa.gov, (Accessed on: 28/09/2017).
Stronski, Paul and Nicole Ng (2018), Cooperation and Competition Russia and China in Central Asia, the Russian Far East, and the Arctic, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Torabi, Ghasem (2013), “Sino-Russian Relations in Central Asian Energy Policy”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, Vol. 6, No. 82, pp. 167-173 [in Persian]. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 543 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 373 |
||