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نقد و تحلیل حقوقی دفاع رعایت مجوز دولتی در زیانهای زیستمحیطی در رهنمود زیستمحیطی 2004 اروپا | ||
فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران | ||
مقاله 15، دوره 50، شماره 3، مهر 1399، صفحه 1133-1146 اصل مقاله (354.59 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: علمی-پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jplsq.2018.247500.1634 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
محسن نجفی خواه1؛ حامد ملکشاهی* 2 | ||
1عضو هیأت علمی وزارت بهداشت، درمان و آموزش پزشکی، تهران، ایران | ||
2دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، مؤسسۀ عالی آموزش و پژوهش، مدیریت و برنامهریزی، تهران، ایران | ||
چکیده | ||
«پارلمان اروپا» در 21 آوریل 2004، «رهنمود 35 /2004 دربارۀ مسئولیت محیطزیستی راجع به پیشگیری و جبران خسارتهای محیطزیستی» را برای پاسخ به فجایع زیستمحیطیِ با ابعاد خسارت گسترده به تصویب رسانید. «رهنمود» یادشده دو نوع رژیمِ مسئولیت مدنی محض (بهعنوان اصل) و مسئولیت مدنی مبتنی بر تقصیر (استثنا بر اصل) را شناسایی کرده است. متصدی یا عامل زیان میتواند در مقابل مسئولیت محض تحمیلی، دفاعی را که در بخش الف بند 4 مادۀ 8 «رهنمود» بیان شده (دفاع رعایتِ مجوز دولتی)، بهعمل آورد و دولتهای عضو مختارند که دفاع متصدی یا عامل زیان را بپذیرند یا رد کنند؛ این دفاعِ اختیاری (به لحاظ اختیار دولتها در پذیرش یا رد)، استثنا بر نظام مسئولیت مدنی محضِ «رهنمود» است. آوردن «دفاع رعایتِ مجوز» در پیشنویسِ «رهنمود» و نحوۀ استناد به آن و نوع اثر این دفاع تا گنجاندن نهایی آن در «رهنمود» روندی پرفراز و نشیب داشت و بهعلت تأثیر منفی آن بر «مسئولیت مدنی محض زیستمحیطی اروپا» و تضعیف این نظام مسئولیت، انتقادهایی را بههمراه داشت که به تحلیل آن موارد میپردازیم. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
اصل پرداخت آلودهساز؛ رهنمود زیستمحیطی 2004 اروپا؛ دفاع مجوز دولتی؛ مسئولیت محض؛ مسئولیت زیستمحیطی | ||
مراجع | ||
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2. انگلیسی A) Books 2. De Sadeleer, Nicolas, (2008), Environmental Principles: From Political Slogans to Legal Rules, Oxford University Press, London. 3. Lee, M, (2005), EU Environmental Law: Challenges, Change and Decision-Making, 1st Ed, Hart Publishing, Portland,UK. 4. Sunkin M, David M Ong, Robert Wight ( 2002), Sourcebook on Environmental Law, 2nd ed, Cavendish Publishing Limited. 5. Valerie, Fogleman (2013), The Study on Analysis of integrating the ELD into 11 national legal frameworks, Final Report prepared for the European Commission – DG Environment, Stevens & Bolton LLP. European Union.
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C) Documents (Reports and directives) 17. A report by GeneWatch Uk and the RSPB, "Making the Polluter PayThe Environmental Liability Directive: Letting Down the Environment?"2006 ,www.genewatch.org/uploads/.../ELD_Press_Reportwpoversion.pdf. 18. Common Position, Statement of the Council’s Reasons, European Parliament Amendments at C277 E/29. 19. Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and the Council of 21 April 2004 on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental. OJ L n 2 143.30.4.200. 20. EFFACE, Directive 2004/35 on Environmental Liability work package 2 on "Instruments actors and institutions" Recital 2 of Directive 2004/35;Environmental Liability: Commission welcomes agreement on new Directive, IP/04/246, 20 February 2004: ELD, recital 2 : European Commission press release: at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-04-246_en.htm 21. Environment Bill[H. L.]HL Deb 31 January 1995 vol 560 cc 1414-86, House again in committee clause 45 http://hansard.millbanksystems.com,/lords/1995/jan/31/environment-bill-hi-1. 22. European Commission Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage (COM(2002) 17 final, Explanatory Memorandum, 23 January 2002. 23. European Commission, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Environmental Liability with regard to the Prevention and Restoration of Environmental Damage, OJ C151 E/132, January 2002 24. European Commission, White Paper on Environmental Liability. COM(2000) 66 final, , 9 February 2000. 25. European Parliament legislative resolution on the proposal for European Parliament and Council Directive on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage COM(2002) 17 - C5-0088/2002 – 2002/0021(COD) (14 May 2003). 26. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Liability Regulations Guidance Document, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland, 2011. 27. ELD, recital; European Commission press release, Environmental Liability: Commission welcomes agreement on new Directive (IP/04/246, 20 February 2004) 28. Green Paper on Remedying Environmental Damage,COM(93),47 final, 14 May 1993.[EU Comission-COM, 1993. 29. Liability for Environmental Damage in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA): Implementation of Good International Practices, © OECD 2012. 30. OECD, The Polluter Pays Pinciple; OECD Analyses and Recommendations, Environment Directorate (OCDE/GD(92)81, 1992), Explanatory Reports, Compensation for Victims of Accidental Pollution, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Paris 1992. 31. Julia Young, Assessing The Impact of The Eu Directive on Environmental Liability on Uk Environmental Legislation, Policy. | ||
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