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مقایسۀ مفهوم «حاکمیت ملی» در قوانین اساسی مشروطه و جمهوری اسلامی ایران | ||
پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی | ||
مقاله 398، دوره 52، شماره 1، فروردین 1399، صفحه 347-365 اصل مقاله (990.12 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jhgr.2020.273683.1007847 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
مرجان بدیعی ازنداهی* 1؛ فاطمه سادات میراحمدی2؛ بهادر غلامی2 | ||
1استادیار گروه جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران | ||
2دانش آموختۀ جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران | ||
چکیده | ||
مطالعه و بررسی قانون اساسی هر کشور بنیانی برای شناسایی و تحلیل بسیاری از مفاهیم کلیدی جغرافیای سیاسی مانند «مفهوم حاکمیت ملی» در آن است. کشور ایران در کمتر از یک سده دو انقلاب بزرگ یعنی انقلاب مشروطه و انقلاب اسلامی را تجربه کرده است. پس از رخداد هر دو انقلاب، دو قانون اساسی تدوین شد که هر یک سرآغازی برای عملکرد حکومت و ملت در سرزمین ملی بهشمار میرفتهاند. پرسش اصلی مقالۀ حاضر، که با استفاده از روش «تحلیلی» نگاشته شده، این است که مفهوم حاکمیت ملی در دو قانون چه تفاوتها و تشابهاتی داشته و چگونه به رابطة حکومت با ملت و سرزمین شکل بخشیده است. نتیجة تحقیق نشان میدهد که شرایط و عوامل تأثیرگذار داخلی و خارجی به لحاظ زمانی و مکانی بر چگونگی تدوین این دو قانون و نیز در ابراز مفهوم حاکمیت ملی در آنها مؤثر بوده است. مقایسة مفهوم حاکمیت ملی نشان میدهد که قانون اساسی مشروطه و متمم آنْ حاکمیت را فقط از آنِ ملت میداند. درحالیکه قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی حاکمیت مطلق را از آنِ خداوند میداند، ولی به حاکمیت انسان نیز قائل است. همچنین، مقایسة شیوة اعمال حاکمیت ملی در قانون اساسی مشروطه عمدتاً از طریق انتخاب نمایندگان مجلس شورای ملی است؛ درحالیکه در قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی، مردم برای تعیین نوع نظام سیاسی و تصمیمگیری در مسائل مهم اقتصادی و سیاسی از طریق همهپرسی، انتخابات، و نیز نظارت بر کارگزاران حکومتی به اعمال حاکمیت میپردازند. ازاینرو، میتوان گفت قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران به نسبت مفهوم جامعتری از حاکمیت ملی ارائه میدهد. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
انقلاب اسلامی؛ انقلاب مشروطیت؛ ایران؛ حاکمیت ملی؛ قانون اساسی | ||
مراجع | ||
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