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مطالعۀ تطبیقی خاص‌گرایی‌های حقوقی در قبال حقوق بین‌الملل: معافیت‌گرایی امریکایی در برابر کثرت‌گرایی اتحادیۀ اروپایی | ||
| فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران | ||
| مقاله 10، دوره 48، شماره 1، فروردین 1397، صفحه 159-179 اصل مقاله (572.06 K) | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jplsq.2018.243163.1592 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| محمد صالح تسخیری* 1؛ رضا موسی زاده2؛ مسعود علیزاده3 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشگاه پیام‌نور تهران، تهران | ||
| 2استاد، دانشکدۀ روابط بین‌الملل وزارت امور خارجه، تهران | ||
| 3استادیار دانشگاه پیام‌نور، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| عام‌گرایی به معنای اجرای قواعد حقوق بین‌الملل به صورت یکسان بر همگان است. در مقابل، خاص‌گرایی بیانگر حالتی است که در آن، دولت یا موجودیت به دنبال اجرای ارزش‌ها و هنجارهای خاص خود است، هرچند مغایر قواعد عام تلقی شود. دولت یا موجودیت خاص‌گرا به دنبال تعریف اسباب و شیوه‌هایی است که به‌واسطۀ آن‌ها، در مواردی که حقوق بین‌الملل را مغایر منافع و ارزش‌های خود یافت، بتواند از سیطرۀ حقوق بین‌الملل خارج شود یا آن را به سمت خود متمایل کند. اتحادیۀ اروپا و دولت ایالات متحدۀ امریکا به‌‌منزلۀ دو بازیگر مهم در عرصۀ بین‌الملل، با اتخاذ مواضع و شیوه‌های عمل متفاوت از قواعد عمومی، رویکرد خاص‌گرایانه‌ای را در قبال حقوق بین‌الملل نهادینه کرده‌اند. امریکا و اتحادیه در رویکرد خاص‌گرایانۀ خود از شیوه‌های مشابهی بهره می‌برند؛ شیوه‌هایی همانند کاربست معیار دوگانه، استفاده از تعبیر جایگزین و یکجانبه‌گرایی. خاص‌گرایی امریکایی مبتنی بر حاکمیت‌گرایی و اتکا به قدرت نظامی است؛ همین مسئله منجر شده است تا ویژگی «معافیت‌گرایی» در رویکرد امریکایی، جایگاه ویژه‌ای یابد. در مقابل، اتحادیۀ اروپایی با تأکید بر استقلال نظم حقوق اتحادیه و «کثرت‌گرایی» حقوقی، خاص‌گرایی هدفمند و معتدلی را از خود به نمایش گذاشته است. نوشتار حاضر با تبیین وجوه تشابه و افتراق امریکا و اتحادیۀ اروپا، ضمن رد خاص‌گرایی ناموجه در حقوق بین‌الملل، رویکرد و عملکرد اتحادیه را معتدل‌تر ارزیابی می‌کند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| خاص‌گرایی حقوقی؛ عام‌گرایی حقوقی؛ کثرت‌گرایی حقوقی؛ معافیت‌گرایی؛ معیار دوگانه | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Comparative Study of Legal Particularism vis-à-vis International Law: American Exemptionalism vs. European Union Pluralism | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mohammad Saleh Taskhiri1؛ Reza Mousazadeh2؛ Massoud Alizadeh3 | ||
| 1Ph.D. Student of International Law, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Prof., School of International Relations (SIR), Tehran, Iran | ||
| 3Assistant Prof., Faculty of Law, Garmsar Payame Noor University, Semnan, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Universalism is defined as applying the rules of international law equally for all states or entities, while particularism is defined as a situation wherein a state or an entity seeks to apply its particular values and norms even if they are assumed against or inconsistent with the universal rules. The particularistic states or entities seek to find the means and methods through which they can have the possibility of escaping the dominance of international law wherever they find the international law against their interests and values, or at least they can bring it to their own accord. As two key actors in international relations, the EU and the US by adopting positions and practices that differ from the universal rules have institutionalized a particularistic approach to international law. The US and the EU take advantages of similar practices in their own particularistic approach. Applying double standards, using alternative interpretations and unilateralism are some examples of such practices. American Particularism is based on sovereignty and the reliance on military power and this has led the US particularistic approach suffers from the exemptionalism. In contrast, the European Union, with an emphasis on the independence of the EU legal order and legal pluralism, has displayed a purposeful and moderate Particularism. Explaining the similarities and differences between the United States and the European Union, the current study rejects unjustified Particularism in international law and assesses the EU approach and function more moderate. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Legal Particularism, Legal Universalism, Legal Pluralism, Exemptionalism, Double Standards | ||
| مراجع | ||
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1. انگلیسی A) Books
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B) Article
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C) Case
Court of Justice of European Union, C-459/03, Commission of the European Communities v Ireland (2006).
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Supreme Court of The United States, Bank Markazi (AKA Central Bank Of Iran) v. Peterson ET AL, 578 U.S (2016), No. 14–770. Argued January 13, 2016—Decided April 20, 2016. | ||
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