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رویکرد سازمان جهانی تجارت نسبت به انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر | ||
| مطالعات حقوق انرژی | ||
| مقاله 7، دوره 3، شماره 2، مهر 1396، صفحه 309-337 اصل مقاله (277 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jrels.2018.241462.146 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| علی فاتح* 1؛ ایرج حسینی صدرآبادی2 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکترای حقوق بینالملل اقتصادی دانشگاه لوزان | ||
| 2استادیار دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز | ||
| چکیده | ||
| انرژی در روابط تجاری بین‌المللی از اهمیت فزاینده‌ای برخوردار است، اما سازمان جهانی تجارت مشخصاً به این بخش نپرداخته است که این موضوع سبب بروز مشکلاتی در زمینۀ تنظیم مقررات مرتبط با تجارت کالا و خدمات در بخش انرژی شده است. علاوه بر این، افزایش تمایل کشورها به استفاده از انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر و به دلیل نگرانی‌های برخاسته از گرمایش زمین و آلودگی‌های زیست‌محیطی سبب شده است تا بحث اعمال مقررات سازمان جهانی تجارت بر این دسته از انرژی‌ها با چالش‌های جدی روبه‌رو شود. ایجاد تعادل بین قواعد موجود حاکم بر تجارت آزاد و مجازدانستن اقدامات کشورهای عضو سازمان جهانی تجارت درخصوص حمایت از توسعه و بهره‌برداری گسترده از انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر به‌ویژه پس از صدور آرای مرتبط از سوی رکن حل اختلاف بیانگر وظیفۀ عمدۀ سازمان جهانی تجارت برای حل این خلأ قانونی در آینده است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| انرژی؛ انرژی تجدیدپذیر؛ تجارت آزاد؛ سازمان جهانی تجارت؛ رکن حل اختلاف؛ گات؛ منابع طبیعی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Approach of World Trade Organization (WTO) Towards Renewable Energies | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Ali Fateh1؛ Iradj Hosseini Sadrabadi2 | ||
| 1PhD Candidate in Int’l Economic Law, University of Lausanne | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Despite the importance of energy in the international trade relations, the World Trade Organization (WTO) has not explicitly dealt with this issue yet. This issue has resulted in quite a lot of difficulties on trade in services and trade in goods–related provisions. Besides, the increasing tendency of countries in using renewable energies due to the concerns arising out of global warming and environmental pollutions has led to profound challenges in regulating international trade rules concerning this type of energy. Hence, striking a balance between the existing free trade rules and authorizing the measures of the WTO Member States concerning the protection of extensive use of renewable energies, specifically within the framework of decisions taken by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body indicates the significant task of the WTO for solving this legal loophole in the future. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| World Trade Organization (WTO), renewable energy, GATT, Free Trade, Natural Resources, Dispute Settlement Body, Energy | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Books
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Selivanova Yulia (2008). Energy Dual Pricing in WTO Law: Analysis and Prospect in the Context of Russia’s Accession to the WTO, London: Cameron May.
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Articles
Carey Tim (2009). "Cartel Price Controls vs. Free Trade: A Study of Proposals to Challenge OPEC’s Influence in the Oil Market Through WTO Dispute Settlement", 24(4) American University International Law Review.
Cottier Thomas (2014). "Renewable Energy and WTO Law: More Policy Space or Enhanced Disciplines?", 5(1) Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review.
Ederington Josh and Phillip McCalman (2008). "Endogenous Firm Heterogeneity and the Dynamics of Trade Liberalization", 74 Journal of International Economics.
Geboye Desta Melaku. "The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries", the World.
Laprevote Francois-Charles & Sungjin Kang (2011). "Subsidies Issues in the WTO – An Update", 10(3) European State Aid Law Quarterly.
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Reports
The United Nations, "A Vision Statement by Ban Ki-moon Secretary-General of the United Nations: Sustainable Energy for All" (UN 2011) http://www.se4all.org/sites/default/files/l/2014/02/SG_Sustainable_Energy_for_All_vision.pdf.
Department for Communities & Local Government of the United Kingdom (2013). "Planning practice guidance for renewable and low carbon energy", https://infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk/wp-content/ipc/uploads/projects/EN010013/EN010013-003019-WR_51_Written%20Representation_RWE%20NPower%20Renewables.pdf (Last visited on 10 July 2017).
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). "REmap 2030: A Renewable Energy Roadmap", (Abu Dhabi: IRENA 2014)
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Yulia Selivanova (2007). "The WTO and Energy. WTO Rules and Agreements of Relevance to the Energy Sector", ICTSD Issue Paper No. 1.
GATT/WTO Cases
Brazil — Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaed Tyres (WT/DS332/AB/R) Appellate Body Report [17 December 2007] [hereinafter: Brazil — Retreaed Tyres].
Brazil — Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaed Tyres (WT/DS332/R) Panel Report [12 June 2007] [hereinafter: Brazil — Retreaed Tyres].
Canada — Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector and Canada — Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program (WT/DS412 and 426/R) Panel Report [19 December 2012] [hereinafter: Canada — Feed-In Tariff Program] and [hereinafter: Canada — Renewable Energy].
Canada — Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals, (WT/DS31/R) Panel Report [14 March 1997] [hereinafter: Canada — Periodicals].
Canada — Measures Affecting Exports of Unprocessed Herring and Salmon, Report of the GATT Panel adopted on 22 March 1988 (L/6268-35S/98) [hereinafter: Canada — Herring and Salmon].
Canada — Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program and Canada — Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program (WT/DS412 and 426/AB/R) Appellate Body Report [6 May 2013] [hereinafter: Canada — Feed-In Tariff Program].
China — Measures concerning Wind Power Equipment (WT/DS419/1) Request for Consultation [22 December 2010].
China — Measures Related to the Exportation of Rare Earth, Tungsten, and Molybdenum (WT/DS431, 432 and 433/R) Panel Report, [26 March 2014] [hereinafter: China—Rare Earth].
China — Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials (WT/DS394, 95 and 98/R) Panel Report, [5 July 2011] [hereinafter: China — Raw Materials].
European Communities — Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos (WT/DS135/R) Panel Report, [18 September 2000] [hereinafter: EC — Asbestos].
European Communities — Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos (WT/DS135/AB/R) Appellate Body Report, [12 March 2001] [hereinafter: EC — Asbestos].
European Communities — Protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs (WT/DS290/R) Panel Report [15 March 2005] [hereinafter: EC — Trademarks and Geographical Indications (Australia)].
European Communities — Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, (WT/DS27/AB/R) Appellate Body Report [9 September 1997] [hereinafter: EC — Bananas III].
European Union and Certain Member States — Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector (WT/DS452/1) Request for Consultation [5 November 2012].
India — Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells and Solar Modules (WT/DS456/R) Panel Report [24 February 2014] [hereinafter: India — Solar Cells].
Korea — Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, (WT/DS75/AB/R) Appellate Body Report [17 February 1999] [hereinafter: Korea — Alcoholic Beverages].
United States — Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimps and Shrimp Products, (WT/DS58/AB/R) Appellate Body Report [12 October 1998] [hereinafter: US — Shrimps].
United States — Prohibition of Imports of Tuna and Tuna Products from Canada, Report of the GATT Panel, adopted 22 February 1982 (L/5198, BISD 29S/91) [hereinafter: US — Tuna Canada].
United States — Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, Report of the GATT Panel, 16 June 1994, unadopted (DS29/R) [hereinafter: US — Tuna (EEC)].
United States — Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, Appellate Body Report, (WT/DS2/AB/R) [29 April 1996] [hereinafter: US — Gasoline].
United States — Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline (WT/DS2/AB/R)Appellate Body Report, [29 April 1996] [hereinafter: US — Gasoline].
United States — Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, (WT/DS2/9) Panel Report [20 May 1996] [hereinafter: US — Gasoline].
United States — Taxes on Automobiles, Report of the GATT Panel, 11 October 1994, unadopted (DS31/R) [hereinafter: US — Taxes on Automobile]. | ||
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