اثر جاده‌ جنگلی بر تنوع گونه‌ای علفی و استقرار زادآوری درختی (مطالعه موردی: بخش های پاتم و نمخانه)

[1]. Saunders, S.C., Mislivets, M.R., Chen, J., and Cleland, D.T. (2002). Effects of roads on landscape structure within nested ecological units of the Northern Great Lakes Region, USA. Biological Conservation­, 103­: 209–225.

[2]. Burroughs, E.R., Marsden, M.­A., and Haupt, H.­F. (1972). Volume of snowmelt intercepted by logging roads. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 98:1-12.

[3]. Rummer, R.B., Stokes, B., and Graeme, L. (1997). Sedimentation associated with forest road surfacing in a bottomland hardwood ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management, 90: 195-200.

[4]. Wemple, B.­C. (1998). Investigations of runoff production and sedimentation on forest roads.Ph.D.dissertation. Department of forest science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, p.234.

 

[5]. Buckley, D. S., Crow, T. R., Nauertz, E. A., and Schulz, K.­E. (2003). Influence of skid trails and haul roads on understory plant richness and composition in managed forest landscapes in Upper Michigan, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 1(3): 509 - 520.

 

[6]. Delgado, J.­D., Arroyo, N.­L., Arevalo, J.­R., and Fernández - Placios, J.­M. (2007). Edge effects of roads on temperature, light, canopy cover, and canopy height in laurel andpine forests (Tenerife, Canary, and Islands). Landscape and Planning, 14 p.

 

[7]. Williams-Linera, G. (1990). Vegetation structure and environmental conditions of forest edges in Panama. Journal of Ecology, 78:356-373.

 

[8]. Jose, S., Gillespie, A.R., George, S.J., and Kumar, B.M. (1996). Vegetation responses along edge-to-interior gradients in a high altitude tropical forest in peninsular India. Forest Ecology and Management, 87: 51-62.

 

[9]. Wales, B. (1972). Vegetation analysis of northern and southern edges in a mature oak-hickory forest. Ecological Monographs, 42: 451-471.

 

[10].,Ranney, J., Bruner, M., and Levenson, J. (1981).The importance of edge in the structure and dynamics of forest islands. In: Burgess, R., Sharpe, D. (Eds.), Forest Islands Dynamics in Man-dominated Landscape. Springer. New York, pp. 67-95.

 

[11]. Brothers, T.­S., and Spingarn, A. (1992).Forest fragmentation and alien plant invasionof central Indiana old-growth forests. Conservation Biology, ­6: 91-100.

 

[12]. Lopez de Casenave, J., Pelotto, J.P., and Protomastro, J. (1995). Edgeinterior differences in vegetation structure and composition in a Chaco semi-arid forest, Argentina. Forest Ecology and Management, 72: 61-69.

[13]. Lee, M., Manning, P., Rist, J., Power, S.A., and Marsh, C. (2010). A global comparison of grassland biomass responses to CO2 and nitrogen enrichment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 365: 2047-2056.

 

[14]. Le Bauer, D.S., and Treseder, K.K. (2008). Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed. Ecology, 89: 371-379.

 

[15]. Bates, J.W. ­(1994). Responses of the mosses Brachythecium-rutabulum and Pseudo sclero podium-purum to a mineral nutrient pulse. Functional Ecology, 8: 686-693.

 

[16].Tilman D. (1984).The resource-ratio hypothesis of plant succession. Amarican Naturian, 125:439–64.

 

[17]. Johnston, F.M., and Johnston, S.W. (­2004). Impacts of road disturbance on soil properties and an exotic plant occurence in Subalpine areas of the Australian Alps. Arctic Antarctic and Alpian Research, 2: 201-207.

 

[18]. Widdicombe, C.E., Archer, S.D., Burkill, P.H., and Widdicombe, S. (2002). Diversity and structure of microplankton community during a cocolithophore bloom in the stratified northern north sea. Deep Sea Research, 49:­2887-2930.

 

[19]. Bazyari, M., Jalilvand, H., Kooch, Y., and Hosseini, S.A. (2014). Ecological Effects of Forest Roads on Biodiversity and Floristic Composition (Case Study; Leeresar, Galanderood, Makarood). Iranian Journal of Biology, 1(27):41-51.

 

[20]. Lotfalian. M., Riahifar, N., Fallah,A., and Hodjati, S.A. (2012). Effects of roads on understory plant communities in a froadleaved forest in Hyrcanian zone. Journal of Forest Science, 58 (10): 446–455.

 

[21]. Goldblum, D., and Beatty, S.W. (1999). Influence of old forest edge on a northeastern United States deciduous forest understory community. Journal of the Torrey botanical society, 4: 335-343.

 

[22]. Watkins, R.Z., Chen, J.Q., and Brosofske, K.D. (2003). Effects of forest roads on understory plants in a managed hardwood landscape. Conservation Biology, 2:411-419.

[23]. Ahmadi, M.­T., Attarod, P., Marvi Mohadjer, M. R., Rahmani, R., and Fathi, J. (2009). Canopy interception loss in a pure oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stand during the summer season. Iranian Journal of Forest, 1(2): 175-185.

[24]. Londo, G. (1976). The decimal scale for releves of permanent quadrats. Vegetatio, 33: 61-64.

[25]. Leps, J., and Smilauer, P. (2003). Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data using CANOCO. Cambridge University Press.

[26]. Karim, M.N. and Mallik, A.U.­ (2008).­Roadside revegetation by native plants: Roadside microhabitats, floristic zonation and species traits. Ecological Engineering, 32: 222–237.

 

[27]. Avon, C., Bergers, L., Dumas, Y., and Berges,L. (2013). Management practices increase the impact of roads on plant communities in forests. Biological Conservation, 159: 24–31.

 

[28]. Jones, P.D., New, N., Parker, D.E., Martin, S., and Rigor, I.G. (1999). Surface air temperature and its changes over the past 150 years. Reviews of Geophysics, 37:173–199.

[29]. Tilman, D. (1988). Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities. Monographs in Population Biology 26.Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 360 p.

 

[30]. Newsome, W.T., Mikami, A., and Wurtz, R.H. (1986). Motion selectivity in macaque visual cortex. III. Psychophysics and physiology of apparent motion. Journal of Neurophysiology, 55:1340-1351.

[31]. Barchuk, A.H., Díaz, M.P., Casanoves,­ F., Balzarin, M.G., and Karlin, U.O. ­(1998). Experimental study on survival rates in two arboreal species from the Argentinean dry Chaco. Forest Ecology and Management, 103: 203-210.

 

 [31]. Sheng, L.Z., Ting, T.Z., Yu, G., Zu, T.O., Jia, K.C., Bo, L., and Bin, Z. (2011). Effects of road age and distance on plant biodiversity:a case study in the Yellow River Delta of China. Plant Ecology, 212:1213–1229.

 

 [32]. Collins, B.S., Dunne, K.P., and Pickett, S.T.A. (1985). Responses of forest herbs to canopy gaps.The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press, New York, pp.217-233.