مرگ و میر درختان در فاز کاهش پایه ها در روند تکامل توده های راش

[1]. Sefidi, K. (2012). Late succesional stage dynamics in natural oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) stands, Northern Iran. Ph.D. thesis, department of Forestry and Forest Economics, University of Tehran, Karaj, 150 p.

[2]. Oliver, C. D. and Larson, B. C. (1996). Forest Stand Dynamics. John Wiley, New York, 520 p.

[3]. Korpel, S. (1982). Degree of equilibrium and dynamic change of the forest an example of natural forest of Slovakia. Act Faculties Forestails, 24: 9–30 (in Cezchoslovakia).

[4]. Sefidi, K., Marvi-Mohadjer, M. R., Zobeyri, M., and Etemad, V. (2008). Investigation on dead trees effects on natural regeneration of oriental beech and hornbeam in a mixed beech forest. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 15: 365–373.

[5]. Zolfeghari, E., Marvi Mohajer, M. R., and Namiranian, M. (2007). Impact of dead trees on natural regeneration in forest stands (Chelir district, Kheiroudkenar, Nowshahr). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 15(3): 234–240.

[6]. Kia Lashaki, A. and Shabani, S. (2010). The ecological impact of dead trees on the forest soil characteristics in Liresar Tonekabon. Iran Natural Ecosystems Journal, 1(2): 122–129.

[7]. Angers, V. A., Messier, C., Beaudet, M., and Ledu, A. (2005). Comparing composition and structure in old-growth and harvested (selection and diameter-limit cuts) northern hardwood stands in Quebec. Forest Ecology and Management, 217: 275–293.

[8]. Santiago, J. M. and Amanda, D. R. (2005). Dead trees as resources for forest wildlife. extension, fact sheet, Ohio State University Express, 12 p.

[9]. Sefidi, K. and Marvie-Mohadjer, M. R. (2010). Snag dynamic in a mixed Beech forest. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 18(4): 517–526.

[10]. Marvie-Mohadjer, M. R. (2011). Silviculture, ³nd Edition, University of Tehran press, 418 p.

[11]. Kimel, L. (2001). Dead tree make for lively habitat. Gardening for Wildlife, 11(4): 2–4.

[12]. Comband, M., Spiese, A., and Emmingham, W. H. (1993). Stand management for timber and mature forest wildlife in Douglas-fir forests. Journal of Forestry, 91(12): 31–42.

[13]. Jenish, J. E. and Harmon, M. E. (2002). Succsesional chang in live and dead woods carbon stores: implications for net ecosystems productivity. Tree Physiology, 22: 77–89.

[14]. Sagheb-Talebi, Kh. and Schütz, J. Ph. (2002). The structure of natural oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) in the Caspian region of Iran and potential for the application of the group selection system. Journal of Forestry, 75(4): 465–472.

[15]. Sefidi, K., Marvie Mohadjer, M. R., Mosandl, R., and Copenheaver, C. A. (2013). Coarse and fine woody debris in mature oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests of northern Iran. Natural Areas Journal, 33(3): 248–255.

[16]. Harmon, M. E. and Sexton, J. (1996). Guidelines for measurements of woody detritus in forest ecosystems. US LTER Publication No. 20. U.S. LTER Network Office, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle, WA. 73.

[17]. Sefidi, K. and Marvie-Mohadjer, M. R. (2010). Characteristics of coarse woody debris in successional stages of natural beech (Fagus orientalis) forests of Northern Iran. Journal of Forest Science, 56: 7–17.

[18]. Zolfeghari, E., Marvi Mohajer, M. R., and Namiranian, M. (2007). Impact of dead trees on natural regeneration in forest stands (Chelir district, Kheiroudkenar, Nowshahr). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 15(3): 234–240.

[19]. Tinker, D. B. and Knight, D. H. (2001). Temporal and spatial dynamics of coarse woody debris in harvested and unharvested lodgepole pine forests. Ecological Modelling, 141: 125–149.

[20]. Parhizkar, P., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Mattaji, A., Namiranian, M., Hasani, M., and Mortazavi, M. (2011). Tree and regeneration conditions within development stages in Kelardasht beech forest (Case study: reserve area-Langa). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 15(3): 234–240.