تأثیر افزایش وزن اندام بر بخش‏های پیش‏حرکتی و حرکتی زمان واکنش ساده و افتراقی مردان جوان و مسن

 

منابع  و ﻣآﺧﺬ

1. Anson, J. G. (1977). "Memory drum theory: alternative tests and explanations for the complexity effects on simple reaction time". J. of Motor Behavior, 14, PP: 228-246.

2. Anson, J. G. (1989). "Effect of movement of inertia on simple reaction time". J. of Motor Behavior, 21, PP: 60-71.

3. Baba, D. M. and Marteniuk, R. G. (1983). "Timing and torque involvement in the organization of a rapid forearm flexion". J. of Quarterly Experimental Psychology, 35A, PP:323-331.

4. Brauer, SG. Burns, Y. and Galley, P.(2000). "A prospective study of laboratory and clinical balance measure as risk factors for falls in the community – dwelling elderly". J. of Gerontol, PP:55A, M469-76

5. Brisswalter, J. Arcelin, R. Audiffren, M. and Delignieres, D. (1997). "Influence of physical exercise on simple reaction time: Effect of physcial fitness". J. of Percept, Mot, Skills, 85, PP:1019-1027.

6. Canic, M. J. and Franks, L. M. (1989). "Response preparation and latency in patterns of tapping movements". J. of Human Movement Science, 8, PP: 123-139.

7. C. Tandonnet, B. Burle, F. Vidal, and T. Hasbroucq (2003). "The influence of time preparation on motor processes assessed by surface laplacian estimation". J. of Clinical Neurophysiology,. 114, 12, PP: 2316- 2384.

8. Christina, R. W., Fischman, M. G. Lambert, A. L. and Moore, J. F. (1985). "Simple reaction time as a function of response complexity: christina et al (1982). Revisited". J. of Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (RQES), 56(4), PP: 316-322.

9. Christina, R. W. and Rose, D. J. (1985). "Premotor and motor reaction time as a function of response complexity". J. of Research Quaterly for Exercise and Sport (RQSE), 56 (4), PP:306-315.

10. Davranche K. Burle, B. Audiffren, M. and Hasbroucq, T. (2006). "Physical exercise facilitates motor processes in simple reaction time performance: An electromyographic analysis". J. of Neuroscience Letters, 396, PP:54-56.

11. Donders, F. C. (1969). "On the speed of metnal process". J. of Acta Psychological 30 Attention andPperformance (W. G. Koster, ed), PP:412-431.

12. Duan, V. Knudson and Craig, S. Morrison (2002). "Qualitative analysis of human movement". Second edition, Human Kinetics, PP: 102-108.

13. Fishman, M. G. (1984). "Programming time as a function of number of movement parts and changes in movement direction". J. of Motor Behavior, 16, PP:405-423.

14. Glencross, D. J. (1972). "Latency and response complexity". J. of Motor Behavior, 4, PP: 448-458.

15. Glencross, D.J. (1973). "Response complexity and the latency of different movement patterns". J. of Motor Behavior, 5, PP:95-104.

16. Henry, Franklin. M. and Rogers, Donald, E. (1960). "Increased response latency for complicated movements and a memory drum theory of neuromotor reaction". J. of Research Quarterly of the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 31, 1960. PP: 448-458.

17. Hurd, W. J. Chmielewski, T. L. and Snyder – Mackler, L. (2006). "Perturbation – enhanced neuromuscular training alters muscle activity in female athletes". J. of Knee Surg, Sports Traumatol, Arthrosc, 14, PP: 60-9.

18. J. Botwinic, and L. W. Tompson (1966). "Premotor and motor components of reaction time". J. of Experimental Psychology, 71, 1, PP: 9-15.

19. Jevas, S. and J. H. Yan. (2001). "The effect of aging on cognitive function: a preliminary quantitative review". J. of Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72P: A -49.

20. Kasai, T. and Komiyama T. (1990). "Effects of varying force components on EMG – RT of isometric ankle dorsiflexion". J. of Human Movement Science, 9, PP:133-147.

21. Kasai, T. and Seki, H.(1992). "Motor reaction times of the simple and the choice ballistic elbow extention – flextion as a function of response complexity". J. of Human Movement science, 11, PP:319-334.

22. Klapp, S. T. (1977). "Reaction time analysis of programmed control". J. of Exercise and Sport Science Researches, 5, PP:231-253.

23. Klapp, S. T. (1981). "Motor programming is not the only process which can influence RT: some thoughts on the martiniuke and mackenzie analysis". J. of Motor Behavior. 13, PP:150-158.

24. Klapp, S. T. and Ervin, C. I. (1976). "Relation between programming time and duration of the response being programmed". J. of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 105, pp:591-598.

25. Klemmer, E. T. (1967). "Rate of force application ina simple reaction time test". J. of Applied Psychology 41, PP:329-332.

26. Kosinski Robert, J. (2008). "A literature review on reaction time". J. of Clemson University, 10, PP: 1-13.

27. Lajoie, Y. and S. P. Gallagher, (2004). "Prediciting falls within the elderly community: comparison of postural sway, reaction time, the Berg balance scale and the activities – specific balance confidence (ABC) scale for comparing fallers and non – fallers". Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics,38 (1),PP:11-25.

28. Lord, SR. Clarke RD, and Webster IW. (1991). "Physiological factors associated with falls in an elderly population". J. of Am Geriatr Soc, 39, PP:1194-200.

29. Ma H. I., and trombly C. A. (2004). "Effects of task complexity on reaction time and movement kinematics in elderly people". American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58, PP:150-158.

30. Nagazaki, H. Aoki, F. and Nakamura, R. (1983). "Premotor and motor reaction time as a function of force output". J. of Perceptual and Motor Skills, 57, PP:859-867.

31. Ozden, O-T. Zafer, G. Nesrin, B. and Mehmet, B. (2008). "The effect of a single session sub – maximal aerobic exercise on premotor fraction of reaction time: An electromyographic study". J. of Clincial Biomechanics, 23, PP:231 – 253.

32. Quin, J. T. Schmidt, R. A. Zelaznik, H. N. Hawkons, B. and Mcfarguhar, R. (1980). "Target size influences on reaction time with movement time controlled". J. of Motor Behavior, 12, PP: 239-261.

33. Rose, S. A., J. F. Feldman, J.J. Jankowski, and D. M. Caro (2002). "A longitudinal study of visual expectation and reaction time in the first year of life". J. of Child Development, 73 (1),P: 47.

34. Salthouse, T. A. and Heden, T. (2002). "Interpreting reaction time measures in between – group comparisons". J. of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24: 7, PP:858-872.

35. Sandra, G. B. and Yvonne, R. B. (2002). "The influence of preparedness on rapid stepping in young and older adults". J. of Clinical Rehabilitation, 16, PP:741-748.

36. Schmidt, R. A. and Lee T. D. (2011). "Motor control and learning: a behavioral emphasis". 5^th edition, Human Kinetics, PP: 21-93.

37. Scott, G.M. Bhushan, B. and Sarah M. L. (2010). "Lower limb muscle premotor time measures during a choice reaction task associate with knee abduction loads during dynamic single leg landing". J. of Clinical Biomechanics, 25, 6, PP:563-569.

38. Siegel, D. (1986). "Movement duration, fractionated reaction time and response programming". J. of Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 57, PP:128-131.

39. Spehar, B. and Kolesaric V. (2010). "The effects of stimulus context on components of simple reaction time". J. of Review of Psychology, 17, 1,PP: 59-67.

40. Spijkers, W. A. C. (1987). "Programming of direction and velocity of an aiming movement: The effect of probability and response – spicificity". J. of Acta Psyhologica, 65, PP: 285-304.

41. Weiss, AD. (1965). "The locus of reaction time change with sex, motivation and age". J. of Gerontology, 20, PP: 60-64.